Protocols

Collection and microscopic analysis of pollen grains deposited on wildflower stigmas using pink fuchsin gel mounting and reference collection for identification. Quantifies both conspecific and hetero...

Microscopic assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and other fungal colonization of plant roots using crosshair intercept method and grid line-intercept method for soil fungi.

Digital recording and spectral analysis of alarm vocalizations to quantify entropy and goodness of pitch as measures of call structure and acoustic properties.

Surface sterilization of plant tissues followed by DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing of the ITS region to characterize fungal endophyte communities. Community composition and diversity met...

Statistical analysis using mixed effects models to evaluate relationships between plant clumping treatment and temperature responses while accounting for random effects of individual plants and sampli...

Uses full-waveform LiDAR returns processed through adaptive deconvolution and individual tree detection algorithms to map forest structure metrics including tree density, height distributions, and bas...

Quantitative analysis of pollen grain composition in bee provisions using compound microscopy. Pollen samples stained with fuchsin and examined at 100× magnification with systematic transect counting ...

Wood samples are sectioned into sub-annual increments and cellulose is extracted for oxygen and carbon isotope analysis to assess seasonal water sources and water use efficiency in trees.

Volatile organic compounds were sampled from single flowers using dynamic headspace sampling, then analyzed with thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and quantify floral...

Comprehensive chemical analysis of water samples including major ions, trace metals, and conservative tracers using multiple analytical techniques. Includes field measurements and laboratory analyses ...

Fluorometric analysis of ammonia in water samples using working reagent that produces fluorescent compound when reacting with ammonia. Uses quadruplicate sampling and background correction.

Meta-analytical approach to synthesize population-level climate sensitivities across multiple species using structured population models and standardized effect sizes. Incorporates life history traits...

Mixed-effects modeling approach to partition phenotypic variance into genetic and environmental components using pedigree information and repeated measures data.

Measurement of water-use efficiency differences between plant sexes using leaf carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) to understand mechanistic basis of sex-specific climate responses.

Calculation of multiple phylogenetic diversity metrics for plant communities using established phylogenetic trees and null model approaches to test for phylogenetic clustering or overdispersion.

Quantified natural selection on floral traits by measuring relationships between trait values, pollinator visitation rates, and reproductive success. Calculated standardized selection differentials to...

Hierarchical Bayesian models predicting vital rates from individual and neighborhood characteristics, with population-level random effects and model selection via WAIC.

Statistical method using continuous two-phase models to identify the age at which body mass growth stabilizes at adult levels in golden-mantled ground squirrels.

Linear mixed effect models to estimate individual body mass at key seasonal transition points, accounting for day-of-year effects and random variation among years, sites, and individuals. Provides sta...

Nested sampling design to construct species-area relationships across multiple spatial scales by subdividing plots into equal-area quadrats and averaging species counts across equivalent areas.

Integrates multiple spatial data layers including lidar, airborne geophysics, hyperspectral remote sensing, and satellite data to characterize hillslope properties. Computes average values and percent...

Standard colorimetric method for measuring soluble reactive phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus in water samples using spectrophotometry. Total dissolved phosphorus samples are first digested wi...

Genomic sequencing and demographic modeling using GADMA2 to estimate historical gene flow patterns and migration rates between populations across elevational gradients.

Extraction and quantification of desulfated glucosinolates from plant leaves using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and charged aerosol detection. Follows established desulfatio...

Collection and isotopic analysis of xylem and soil water to determine plant water sources using δ18O and δ2H signatures combined with Bayesian mixing model to quantify proportional contributions from ...

RASTER-based spatial analysis to quantify multiple metrics of anthropogenic disturbance including distance to infrastructure and proportion of impervious surfaces within species-specific buffer zones.

Pollen-transport interactions were analyzed using network metrics including weighted connectance, linkage density, weighted nestedness, specialization and robustness calculated with R package bipartit...

Extraction of environmental variables from spatial data platform using zonal functions to calculate average climate values within tree polygon boundaries. Integrates snowpack, temperature, and topogra...

Uses hyperspectral imaging (400-1000 nm) combined with Partial Least Squares Regression to correlate spectral signatures with measured leaf traits like LMA and LWC. Enables non-destructive remote meas...

Quantitative XRD analysis of powdered rock samples using Rietveld refinement to determine mineral concentrations and spatial distribution. Samples analyzed under multiple conditions including ethylene...

Time-series analysis of Landsat and Sentinel satellite imagery to determine seasonal snow disappearance dates using Normalized Difference Snow Index with interpolation algorithms to fill temporal gaps...

Multivariate analysis technique to quantify community responses over time. Treatment weights indicate response magnitude and species weights show individual taxa responses.

PLSR modeling approach using leaf spectral reflectance measurements to extrapolate functional trait values from subset of direct measurements to larger sample sizes. Ten-fold cross-validation used for...

Low-temperature thermochronological method measuring helium accumulation in apatite grains to determine cooling ages and thermal histories. Involves helium extraction, parent isotope measurement, and ...

Standard chloroform fumigation direct extraction technique for measuring soil microbial biomass, combined with soil chemistry analysis and enzyme activity assays.

Uses stable isotope ratios (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) of precipitation and streamflow to quantify the relative contributions of snow versus rain to streamflow and evapotranspiration through endmember mixing and s...

High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance to characterize the molecular composition of organic matter in different chemical extractions.

Quantitative analysis of the relationship between sapsucker damage patterns on aspen trees and proximity to willow habitat, using distance measurements and damage assessment.

Standard Illumina library preparation using Nextera XT kit followed by paired-end sequencing on HiSeq 2500 platform to generate comprehensive metagenomic datasets from phylloplane microbial communitie...

Construction of Integral Projection Models using vital rate data to project population persistence under different climate scenarios and estimate stochastic population growth rates.

Statistical approach to test causal pathways between herbivory, plant characteristics, and reproductive output using multiple linked regression models with model selection based on information criteri...

A standard comparative method that controls for evolutionary relationships among species by analyzing evolutionary changes along phylogenetic branches rather than raw species values. Uses software to ...

Random Forest regression to predict ecosystem drought sensitivity from hydrological and topographic variables. Uses bootstrapped subsampling with multiple regression trees to identify key predictive v...

Calculation of interaction turnover between plant-pollinator networks at different sites by comparing shared taxa and their interaction frequencies. Produces metrics of rewiring occurrence and interac...

Depth-resolved sampling and analysis of subsurface materials for mineralogical composition, organic matter content, and spatial distribution of weathering products from soil through bedrock.

Pooled whole genome sequencing approach using DNA from multiple individuals per population to identify SNPs associated with environmental variables and population differentiation patterns.

Time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis using multiple genes and both maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to estimate evolutionary relationships and timing of trait evolution.

Mathematical method for calculating relative dominance ranks from pairwise interaction outcomes that is tolerant of missing data and accounts for group size variation.

Collection and integration of climate variables from multiple databases including temperature, solar radiation, snow metrics, and topographic factors to characterize environmental conditions at study ...

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of Fe-bearing colloids using synchrotron radiation with cryogenic sample preparation and shell-by-shell fitting to determine molecular coordination en...