Protocols

A proposed multi-layered monitoring system for tracking native bee populations, diversity, and trends across the United States. The framework includes specimen collection, taxonomic identification, da...

Opportunistic use of natural frost events to test differential frost sensitivity between style morphs. Flowers were exposed to freezing temperatures then assessed for reproductive success compared to ...

A computational model simulated bee foraging decisions based on nectar volume thresholds, moving theoretical bees through inflorescences to calculate net energy gain rates.

Simulates trait data with hierarchical genetic structure where genotypes are nested within species, allowing comparison of nested vs non-nested statistical approaches. Uses allele matrices to generate...

Compares non-nested linear models using only species identity as predictor versus nested mixed models that account for genotype variation within species. Evaluates model performance using R², AIC, and...

Statistical method comparing observed innovation diffusion patterns against social network structure to detect social transmission versus purely asocial learning.

Construction of trophic species webs from field observations followed by calculation of Link Area Relationships and comparison with the Constant Connectance in Space model predictions.

Factorial experiment testing effects of low-level nitrogen enrichment on trophic cascades using enclosed ant colonies with controlled fertilizer applications. Enclosures contained single ant nests and...

Offline land surface model simulation using Noah-MP at high spatial resolution (250m) with terrain-corrected meteorological forcing from WRF model output. Model estimates snow accumulation, ablation, ...

Digital signal processing technique using normalized spectrogram correlations to quantify acoustic signal degradation by comparing two-dimensional spectrograms between reference and experimental dista...

Iterative inversion technique for retrieving atmospheric parameters from contaminated radar measurements using a priori constraints and forward modeling. Accounts for measurement uncertainties and cro...

Preparation of polished sections of ore samples and detailed microscopic examination to determine mineral relationships, textures, and paragenetic sequences. Includes camera lucida drawing documentati...

Standardized counting and measurement of ventral ovipositor bristles using microscopy and digital imaging. Includes mounting specimens, photographing at standardized magnification, and counting specif...

Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from burnt plant material using reflux with organic solvents followed by filtration. Two solvent systems tested: toluene/methanol and cyclohexane/acetone...

DNA extraction from aphids followed by PCR amplification using specific primers for H. defensa and B. aphidicola, with gel electrophoresis visualization.

Method using abutting primers designed from contigs to amplify and recover complete circular viral genomes, followed by cloning and Sanger sequencing for verification.

PERMANOVA and PCoA analyses based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity to test for differences in ant community composition and visualize community structure changes through time and across treatments.

Numerical solution of the one-dimensional Richards equation using PFLOTRAN software to simulate soil water flow and generate synthetic soil moisture data for method testing.

Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC code for initial evaluations of column effluent for potential mineral dissolution/precipitation and calculating carbon dioxide concentrations. Used generalized surfa...

Calculation of multiple phylogenetic distance metrics (NND, MPD, INND, MIPD) using PHYDIST procedure to quantify relatedness of focal species to native community members.

Standard PLFA extraction and analysis to characterize soil microbial community structure and biomass, with different fatty acids representing bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes.

Spatial averaging of gridded precipitation data over selected headwater basins to create seasonal and annual precipitation totals for water balance analysis.

Standardized literature search and screening process to identify and synthesize studies on hibernating mammal responses to climate change, followed by categorization and statistical analysis of climat...

Inversion of the PROSPECT-5B radiative transfer model to estimate leaf transmittance from reflectance measurements for calculation of leaf absorptance across the 400-2,500 nm spectral range.

Comparative study design using seven pairs of geographically close but phenologically different plant populations to test adaptation to flowering time. Sites within pairs were closer to each other tha...

Field manipulation creating pairs of embedded and unembedded emergent rocks of similar characteristics to test substrate selection by ovipositing aquatic insects.

Systematic collection of soil samples from paired invaded and uninvaded plots to compare soil properties and microbial communities affected by plant invasion history.

Comparative field study using paired plots in different habitat types (understory vs open meadow) to measure environmental conditions, floral resources, and pollinator visitation during drought condit...

Ten deuteronymph mites were placed in a cylindrical vial with two potential beetle hosts for 5 minutes to assess host selection preferences based on beetle characteristics.

Integration of literature-derived parameter values with field data validation using long-term cohort observations from Mexican Cut, Colorado. Parameters include growth rates, consumption rates, matura...

Systematic examination of host insects for parasites, counting and removal of parasites, followed by drying and weighing of both hosts and parasites for biomass determination.

Calculation of conservation concern scores using Partners in Flight rankings multiplied by species abundance for site-level conservation value assessment.

Field and laboratory identification of damage-causing agents through morphological observation, specimen collection, and microscopic examination of fungal structures and insect damage patterns.

Statistical method to correct for inherent male bias when calculating sibling sex ratios and family sizes from male-only cohorts. Removes bias introduced by the inclusion of cohort members in family c...

Use of painted concrete pavers with temperature sensors to create thermal gradients and monitor arthropod colonization responses. Combines controlled temperature manipulation with behavioral monitorin...

Controlled experiment using a feeding apparatus with removable clear or opaque panels to test the direct effects of peripheral visual obstruction on marmot vigilance and foraging behavior. Uses within...

Simulation model that estimates climate sensitivity using first event dates and mean dates for systems with different degrees of correlation between slopes and intercepts of individual reaction norms.

Sampling timing synchronized across continental scale using tree swallow breeding phenology with three key periods: egg laying, hatching, and nestling development. Regression model used to predict tim...

Construction of phylogenetic-like trees based on DNA methylation patterns rather than sequence data. Uses correlation-based dissimilarity measures applied to methylation profiles.

Used phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression and phylogenetic ANOVA to test relationships between acoustic call frequencies, body size, and habitat while controlling for evolutionary ...

Comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history and phylogenetic distribution of herbivory, honeydew production, and ant-tending across hemipteran lineages. Constructed timeline of key evolutionary...

Construction of phylogenetic trees using Phylomatic web service with APG III megatree, followed by branch length assignment using BLADJ algorithm in Phylocom.

Computational approach to estimate phylogenetic relationships and distances using the Phylomatic web service with standardized angiosperm phylogenies and fossil-calibrated branch lengths.

A novel theoretical model that couples leaf physiology to climate variables through water balance principles, using vein density as a predictor of transpiration rate and linking it to growing season t...

Long-term documentation of plant species composition and frequency across different community types on a landslide feature

All host plants in the study area were GPS-mapped and converted to a raster grid system to quantify plant community structure and host availability across different habitat types.

A controlled greenhouse experiment using plant leachates prepared by running deionized water through pots containing treatment species, then applying these leachates to test plants to evaluate allelop...

Collection and sorting of unknown plant specimens into morphologically distinct groups (morphospecies), followed by taxonomic identification to family level where possible.

Extraction of high molecular weight nuclear DNA from etiolated plant seedlings with minimal organellar contamination. Uses nuclei isolation followed by DNA purification for downstream genome sequencin...

Numerical modeling approach combining energy-mass balance calculations with ice-flow modeling to reconstruct past glacier extents and determine paleoclimate conditions. Uses digital elevation models a...