Protocols

Laboratory column experiments with embedded artificial reducing microsites in natural sediments under controlled flow conditions to test anoxic microsite detection methods.

Quantification of ectoparasite loads using visual inspection (2001) and pyrethrin dust-ruffling technique (2013). The dust-ruffling method focuses on macro-ectoparasites while visual inspection counts...

High-resolution scanning X-band radar system providing detailed precipitation measurements with dual-polarization capability. Performs volume scans and targeted range-height indicator scans for proces...

Iterative numerical procedure for solving dynamic macroecological theory equations by cycling through MaxEnt structure function calculation, state variable updates, and Lagrange multiplier optimizatio...

Direct measurement of soil depth using auger drilling to bedrock contact, validated with cone penetrometer resistance profiles. Distinguishes mobile regolith from weathered bedrock layers.

Method adapted from EPA method 1312 for solid phase non-volatile extractions in wastewater using synthetic acid precipitation to simulate metal mobility under rainwater conditions.

Offline energy-only PET calculation using ERA5-Land reanalysis net radiation estimates, with optional snow albedo adjustment using MODIS observations.

A conceptual framework applying ecological stoichiometry principles to understand host-parasite interactions through elemental nutrition, homeostasis, and threshold elemental ratios.

Regular combing of trapped marmots to count fleas displaced onto white flannel cloth, with counts standardized by body mass.

Plant tissues were extracted in methanol and analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry to identify and quantify norditerpene alkaloids. Mass spectra were recorded over 150-800 m/z range and alkaloid ...

Experimental manipulation of leaf damage combined with air flow restriction to test volatile-mediated anti-herbivory communication across elevation gradients. Uses artificial leaf clipping with baggin...

EOF analysis applied to temperature deviations from 600 hPa free-air temperature to identify dominant spatial patterns of surface temperature variability. Uses singular value decomposition to extract ...

Application of the graphical NCE model to real predator-prey systems using published empirical data to parameterize growth and predation curves and generate predictions.

Long-term monitoring of rabbit reproduction in a controlled field enclosure using live-trapping and nest observation. Litter composition determined through hair color analysis and behavioral observati...

Mathematical derivation of analytical solutions for leaf temperature decoupling from energy balance equations using implicit differentiation. The approach yields exact solutions without numerical appr...

Manipulative treatments using rainout shelters to control soil moisture and insecticide applications to control herbivory levels, allowing quantification of driver effects on plant performance.

Development of species-specific epigenetic clocks using cross-mammalian methylation arrays and elastic-net penalized regression to predict chronological age from DNA methylation patterns.

Statistical method to test correlations between thorium excursion events and seismic events or precipitation, varying time windows and magnitude thresholds parametrically to assess significance of coi...

Development of deterministic and stochastic population models incorporating empirical estimates of selection, heritability, and phenotypic plasticity to project population persistence under climate ch...

Experimental transplant of seeds using toothpick adhesion method to precisely track emergence and early survival. Seeds adhered to wooden toothpicks for accurate placement and monitoring in experiment...

Controlled removal of wing tissue from distal edges to simulate wing wear while maintaining wing aspect ratio. Used to test effects of wing damage on flight performance.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy to determine lead coordination environments and speciation in soil samples. Uses linear combination fitting with reference standards to quantify different Pb phases.

F-tests followed by appropriate t-tests (equal or unequal variance) to compare mean pollinator visitation rates between invasive dandelions and native flowering species.

Controlled manipulation of foraging ant access and treehopper density on individual rabbitbrush plants to test trophic cascade effects. Used exclusion barriers and manual abundance adjustments in a fa...

Three-way factorial field experiment manipulating herbivory (clipping), nectar robbing (artificial hole-cutting and nectar removal), and seed predation (egg removal) to test additive vs. non-additive ...

Systematic belt transect surveys along wetland shorelines to document occurrence and distribution of target plant species. Transects are established continuously around water body perimeters with stan...

Colorimetric determination of ferrous iron concentrations using ferrozine reagent with spectrophotometric measurement at 562 nm absorption peak and calibration curve from standard solutions.

Field experiment comparing seed retention rates between vegetated and nonvegetated sites over multiple time intervals. Seeds manually placed on plants and monitored for dispersal vs. retention over 11...

Direct field measurement of pH and specific conductance in aquatic habitats using portable electronic instruments.

Systematic analysis of how multiple film genres intersect within a single work through examination of visual aesthetics, narrative conventions, and thematic elements. Focuses on identifying genre-spec...

Calculation of the standardized third-moment coefficient of skewness from phenological abundance distributions. This approach quantifies asymmetry in phenological timing without assuming distributiona...

Standard procedure for extracting uranium and metals from solid phase sediments using 5% nitric acid with end-over-end rotation for determination of total leachable concentrations.

Standardized approach to measure the distance at which birds flee when approached by humans at a steady pace. Involves recording starting distance, approaching at 0.5 m/s, and measuring the distance w...

Laboratory column experiments using synthetic rainwater to quantify steady-state solute release rates from crushed rock samples. Samples are wet-packed in vertical columns and synthetic rainwater is p...

Use of existing Forest Service FIA database to supplement field data with broader regional patterns across multiple counties and longer time periods.

Systematic transect sampling from forest edge to interior with perpendicular plots to assess fungal infection density in relation to distance from meadow edge. Trees categorized by size class and asse...

Construction of custom Raman spectrometer using laser, beam splitter, lenses, filter, and CCD detector for analyzing carbonaceous materials. Light path designed to focus laser onto sample and collect ...

Microscopic analysis of D. geminata samples to quantify the percentage of cells undergoing division as an indicator of phosphorus-limited growth rates.

Systematic counting and proportional assessment of frost-damaged buds relative to total reproductive structures across multiple plant species in montane meadows.

Systematic measurement of plant functional traits (height, SLA, LDMC, dry:wet ratio) in forb species across elevation gradients using standardized plot sampling and laboratory processing. Traits measu...

Assignment of biological trait scores using fuzzy coding approach with 0-3 scale indicating trait affinity strength across six functional grouping features for macroinvertebrate families.

Compilation and analysis of published plant population divergence data paired with evolvability estimates to test macroevolutionary predictions. Uses proportional divergence metrics and meta-analytica...

Bioinformatics pipeline for processing raw sequencing reads through quality filtering, mapping, variant calling, and SNP filtering using GATK v4.0 and associated tools.

Comprehensive workflow from sample collection through statistical analysis for measuring plant volatile organic compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Includes standardized data process...

Digital mapping approach using GIS software to quantify percent willow cover within standardized buffer zones around survey points. Polygons of non-willow cover digitized to calculate proportional cov...

Mapping species distributions across elevational gradients using abundance data, GPS coordinates, and digital elevation models. Includes range core calculation using abundance-weighted elevation avera...

Model comparison approach using GLMMs to identify density effects on vital rates. Tests density-independent, uniform density-dependent, and size-dependent density responses using AIC selection.

Weekly recording of tourist counts and golden-mantled ground squirrel roadkill events to analyze correlations between human activity and wildlife vehicle strikes. Linear regression models used to exam...

Application of general mixed Yule/coalescent models to identify species boundaries in molecular phylogenies by detecting transitions between inter- and intraspecific branching rates.

Systematic mapping of WWII defensive positions using Global Navigation Satellite System technology to create detailed plans of military features including bunkers, trenches, and weapon emplacements.