Concepts

Sampling methods that do not require capturing or handling animals, such as hair tube traps that collect hair samples

The downstream transport and repeated cycling of nutrients through uptake and release in stream ecosystems

Proportion of flowering individuals that are primarily male-expressing

Percentage of nest area hidden from predators when viewed from directly above, measured using gridded circle

Infection by internal parasites including blood-borne trypanosomes and intestinal parasites that can affect host behavior and physiology

Behavioral patterns of wasps that parasitize other arthropods, particularly aphids

When animals prefer to associate with certain individuals over others within a group

Algae growing attached to surfaces such as decomposing plant material

Ecological relationships between bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts involving infection, replication, and lysis or lysogeny

The number of weeks during a growing season when both pollinators and their floral resources are active and available

The removal of phosphorus from the water column by organisms for metabolic processes

Reduction in photosynthetic efficiency due to excess light exposure

Use of plants to remove contaminants from soil

Sampling method using buried containers with killing solution to capture ground-dwelling invertebrates

Standardized method for observing and counting birds at fixed locations for specified time periods

Method of covering flowers with mesh bags to prevent pollinator access and allow nectar accumulation for sampling

Geographic variation in chemical profiles that may reflect phylogeographic drift in odor profiles between populations

Changes in rock porosity and permeability due to mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions during weathering

Physical and thermodynamic processes that alter snowpack isotopic composition after initial deposition, including sublimation, vapor exchange, and melt-freeze cycles

The hypothesis that play provides an opportunity to practice and refine skills that will be needed later in adulthood

Variation in rainfall patterns between years affecting plant growth and flower production

The rate at which predators consume prey, measured as prey mortality per predator per unit time

Experimental technique to prevent predator access while maintaining other ecological interactions

Habitat structure that provides protection from predation by offering shelter or hiding places

Interspecific interactions between caddisfly larvae and their predators affecting case size and behavior

The production of organic compounds by autotrophic organisms, measured here through chlorophyll-a concentration

Spatial intersection of radar beams from different systems enabling measurement comparison