Concepts

The ability of plants to tolerate or compensate for herbivore damage through increased growth or reproduction

Reciprocal antagonism between plant hormone pathways where jasmonic acid suppresses salicylic acid pathway and vice versa

Toxic effects of alkaloid compounds on herbivorous insects and livestock

The physiological connection and resource sharing between ramets within a clonal plant that allows communication of defenses

Complex flower morphologies with hooded flowers and long nectar spurs that may influence microbial signal transmission and pollinator behavior

Theoretical framework predicting significant costs to deploying defensive weapons, with plants using defenses when benefits outweigh costs and conserving resources when defense is unnecessary