Phenology is an important life history trait. As altitude increases in alpine environments, the growing season shortens and flowering phenology is more compressed. Co-flowering could occur more at higher elevations as a compensation for the shorter growing season. However, interspecific competition

Black sage aphids, Obtusicauda frigidae, are infected by the bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. The bacteria confers a resistance to parasitism by the solitary endoparastic wasp Aphidius ervi. The bacteria also confers a number of other advantages to the aphids. Despite the number of advan

True omnivores are animals which feed on both plant and prey sources, allowing them to effect multiple trophic levels within a food web. Ants are well-known omnivores and many participate in honeydew mutualisms with aphids. The western thatching ant, Formica obscuripe, tends the mutualist aphid Aphi

The risk of predation influences the behavior of individuals and can determine how an animal allocates its time when searching for and obtaining food. To reduce predation risk, many animals use refuges and protective cover to increase their chances of survival, but it is unclear how these safe areas

I tested the oviposition preference of the leaf miner Scaptomyza nigrita of and within its native host plant Cardamine cordifolia. Gravid female S. nigrita were used in cafeteria-style choice tests to quantitatively evaluate feeding and oviposition preference between C. cordifolia from shaded and su

Theory and empirical studies suggest that cannibalism in age‐structured populations can regulate recruitment depending on the intensity of intraspecific competition between cannibals and victims and the nature of the cannibalism window, i.e., which size classes interact as cannibals and victims. Her

Abstract In the early 1900s, tree-ring scientists began analyzing the relative widths of annual growth rings preserved in the cross sections of trees to infer past climate variations. Now, many ring-width index (RWI) chronologies, each representing a specific site and species, are archived online wi

Barnard Dunkelberg & Company. March 7, 2000.

James Amos. The Pueblo Chieftain. May 17, 2000.

Beaver improve water quality. Their dams hold back water and by slowing down water velocity, they filter out toxins and solid materials. . Beaver restore riparian habitat and stop soil erosion caused by overgrazing, poor water management. Also, by trapping, (traditional ) removal of beaver. Beaver s

Gerald R. Lain. Today Realty of Gunnison, Inc. November 30, 2000