This is data collected to explore the impacts of warming and dominant species removal on the quantity and quality of plants for cattle foraging. The data were collected from the Colorado low elevation site (Almont) of the Warming and Removal in Mountains experiment which examines the direct and indi

This is data collected to explore the impacts of warming and dominant species removal on the quantity and quality of plants for cattle foraging. The data were collected from the Colorado low elevation site (Almont) of the Warming and Removal in Mountains experiment which examines the direct and indi

Plant and pollinator interactions are a form of mutualism requiring a careful balance between floral traits and pollinator behavior to maximize both pollination success and nectar consumption. This delicate relationship can result in detrimental effects on one party when the other shifts. Namely, gl

Behavioral syndromes—suites of correlated behaviors across different situations and contexts—are widespread and can have important ecological consequences because correlations between distinct behaviors shape how animals respond to changing environmental conditions and can limit behavioral plasticit

The overwhelming majority of research on wild bumble bees has focused on the social colony stage. Nest-­founding queens in the early season are difficult to study because incipient nests are challenging to find in the wild and the foundress queen flight period is very short relative to the entire ne

Abstract A variety of bird species engage in complicated, elaborate courtship displays to impress potential mates. Such displays include wing flaring, aerial acrobatics, choreographed dances, and tail fanning. Though these behaviors are often well studied, the underlying musculature facilitating the

​ Puddling is a form of supplemental feeding for nectivorous Lepidoptera to acquire necessary mineral nutrients, primarily sodium, that are otherwise absent from their nectar diets. For many species sodium is important for growth, nervous system function, and egg production. However, the mechanisms

The relationship between environmental variation and fitness has been well established. However, fitness may also be indirectly impacted by environmental variation through the modulation of social behavior. We aim to quantify the effects of environmental variation on sociality, specifically social r

Subalpine ecosystems are home to hundreds of species of wildflowers, many of which are endemic and very vulnerable to climate change. Megachilidae are a family of primarily solitary bees that are very efficient pollinators, making them crucial components of subalpine ecosystems. Some Megachilidae sp

Mountain White-crowned Sparrows and Wilson’s Warblers rely on foraging microhabitats in montane wet meadows during the breeding season to find food for themselves and their offspring. The microhabitats are comprised of vegetation, which can be food itself, but it can also be a substrate for inverteb

Alarm calling is an important antipredator behaviour by which individuals alert conspecifics and heterospecifics of possible danger and/or ward off potential predators. The propensity to utter calls may reflect the amount of risk an individual experiences and a variety of other internal and environm

Yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventer , are facultatively social and may form multigenerational societies, which are characterized by individuals sharing and defending space, possessing the ability to distinguish group members from outsiders and potentially persisting for many generations. I r

I review a case study of marmots that contributed to the empirical basis of the nonlinearity and fear hypothesis, which explains why certain nonlinear acoustic phenomena (NLP) are produced in extremely high-risk situations and communicate high urgency. In response to detecting predatory threats, yel

Generalist pollinated plants receive pollination services from a wide range of animals, but pollinator effectiveness varies. More effective pollinators in generalist systems optimize pollen transfer by promoting outcrossing between more distant plants. This leads to increased pollinator mediated sel

Animal pollination services are vital for plant reproduction, with approximately 90% of plant species benefitting from this mutualistic relationship. Nectar is one of the most common floral rewards offered by plants in exchange for pollination services. Similarly, nectar is vital for bumbles as they

The Gunnison City Planning Commission has finished reviewing the environmental assessment study recently completed by the Department of Energy. The D.O.E. seems to be biased in much of the report toward using the Highway 50 route because of the possible endangerment to the mating habitat of the sage