Though rarely experimentally tested, biotic interactions have long been hypothesized to limit low-elevation range boundaries of species. We tested the effects of herbivory on three alpine-restricted plant species by transplanting plants below (novel), at the edge (limit), or in the center (core) of

Ant and aphid interactions are often assumed to be mutualistic, with both participating parties receiving a benefit that outweighs the cost. Yet this interaction can range between mutualistic and antagonistic due to factors that alter this ratio of cost and benefit. Some factors that can affect the

One of the most talked about potential consequences of climate change is that of phenological mismatches between interacting species, such as flowering plants and their pollinators. While there is ample long term data for plant phenology, there is little data on pollinator phenology. It is becoming

Animals are expected to maximize feeding success while minimizing predation risk; however, foraging and vigilance behaviors often conflict. I studied this trade-off in Golden- mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), with respect to human-created structures in Gothic, CO, site of the Rocky

Gynodioecy is a dimorphic breeding system in which male sterile individuals coexist with hermaphroditic individuals in the same populations. In order for female plants to be maintained within these populations, considering that they do not achieve fitness through male function, they must have a fitn

Differences between individuals are often not accounted for in studies using plant functional trait data. Variation due to biotic and abiotic conditions is common for many plant traits that are crucial for fitness and survival. However, functional trait methods usually do not account for differences

Brassicaceae plants, such as bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia) produce characteristic glucosinolates, which are secondary metabolites used as defense compounds to deter pathogens and insect herbivores, such as the leaf mining fly (Scaptomyza nigrita). These compounds are produced constitutively and

Dioecious plants have been observed to exhibit differences in growth rates and levels of herbivory defense between the sexes, with slower growing females investing more into constitutive defenses than fast-growing males. There are no predictions or empirical data, though, regarding differences in in

Recent blooms of Didymosphenia geminata in streams around the world where they had never been recorded before has generated new interest in the biology and ecology of this diatom. The species is often found in oligotrophic mountain streams where phosphorus limitation may determine productivity. Exce

Organization: Colorado River Water Conservation District Date: Adopted 3/16/2000

Organization: Colorado Water Conservation Board. Date – May 2000. Includes various graphs.

Frank S. Hoag and Robert H. Rawling. The Pueblo Chieftain. February 6, 2000.

Sharon Buck. NCSU Water Quality Group North Carolina State University. August 31, 2000.