Protocols

Hydrological modeling approach that stratifies mountain watersheds by elevation zones to quantify water budget components and assess climate change impacts on streamflow and groundwater storage.

Integration of ground-based GPR, manual measurements, and airborne sensors for comprehensive snow property mapping. Combines high-precision point measurements with spatially extensive remote sensing d...

Comprehensive deployment of precipitation, atmospheric, and surface energy budget sensors across elevation and topographic gradients in complex terrain. Network includes core sites with full instrumen...

Daily water and energy budget modeling at 100-m grid resolution using the US Geological Survey Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) with climate forcing from SNOTEL stations and LiDAR snow obse...

Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor measurements providing particle size distributions, complexity, and fall velocity measurements to validate radar-derived microphysical processes. Uses high-speed video ca...

Standardized filter-based sampling of atmospheric aerosols followed by immersion freezing analysis using the Ice Nucleation Spectrometer to quantify ice nucleating particle concentrations across a ran...

Comprehensive ground-based cloud property retrieval using Ka-band radar for cloud boundaries, multifilter radiometry and sun photometry for optical thickness, and thermodynamic profiling for phase det...

Used Community Land Model to simulate evapotranspiration components at high spatiotemporal resolution over a mountainous watershed with detailed soil layering and vegetation parameterization. Model se...

Novel framework using collocated slanted W-band and vertical Ka-band radars to isolate microphysical processes within turbulent layers by comparing radar observations above and below the turbulent lay...

Systematic comparison of modeled precipitation against station observations and multiple gridded datasets using percent error calculations and spatial pattern analysis. Includes seasonal decomposition...

Machine learning approach for snow cover mapping using PlanetScope imagery with multiple model configurations incorporating spectral, topographic, and vegetation variables. Performance evaluation acro...

Applies multiple clustering algorithms (K-means, hierarchical clustering, Gaussian mixture models) to hillslope feature vectors to identify watershed zones with similar characteristics. Uses model sel...

Tethered balloon system flights carrying aerosol instruments vertically through the atmospheric column to generate profiles of particle concentrations with altitude. Pseudo vertical columns are constr...

High-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations using different microphysical parameterizations to assess precipitation sensitivity in complex mountain terrain. Three different micr...

Continuous measurement of aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations using standardized ARM instrumentation across multiple global sites representing diverse atmospheric c...

Three-step process to harmonize cloud condensation nuclei measurements across different instrument supersaturation settings using polynomial interpolation to standard values.

High-resolution scanning X-band radar system providing detailed precipitation measurements with dual-polarization capability. Performs volume scans and targeted range-height indicator scans for proces...

EOF analysis applied to temperature deviations from 600 hPa free-air temperature to identify dominant spatial patterns of surface temperature variability. Uses singular value decomposition to extract ...

Fresh plant tissue is collected during peak hydration, weighed fresh, dried at controlled temperature, then reweighed to calculate water content as the difference between wet and dry weights.

High spectral resolution lidar measurement of aerosol backscatter profiles to detect aerosol layer boundaries and depth. Uses Haar Wavelet transform gradient detection to identify significant changes ...

Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) measurements of light scattering by particles passing through a laser beam to determine particle size distributions from 140 nm to 3.4 μm diameter. Instru...

A distributed network of six ground-based aerosol measurement stations spanning elevational gradients in mountainous terrain to characterize spatiotemporal variability in atmospheric particles. Each s...

Weekly photography from fixed viewpoints to map snowmelt progression and delineate zones with different snow-free periods. Contours drawn on detailed maps to define study zones.

Retrieval of vertical temperature and water vapor profiles using infrared spectroscopy with optimal estimation physical retrieval method. Provides high temporal resolution (5-minute) profiles with det...

Regression analysis applied to simulated water table declines across nested catchments to identify relationships between topographic characteristics, vegetation cover, and groundwater response to clim...

Remote sensing of atmospheric infrared radiances using Atmospheric Sounder Spectrometer by Infrared Spectral Technology (ASSIST) in wavenumber range 612-905.4 cm-1.

Continuous measurements of surface energy budget, momentum flux, meteorology and soil properties using an atmospheric surface flux station. Data collected at 1-minute averages and 20 Hz resolution for...

Long-term monitoring using Big Springs Number Eight dust samplers to measure seasonally accumulated horizontal sediment flux. Sample collections ranging from 1998 to present across varying landscapes.

Climate forcing using minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by Snow Telemetry stations adjusted for aspect.

Python implementation of algorithm from Lundquist et al., 2008, applied to digital elevation models to classify cold-air pooling areas using terrain analysis.

Five sites established along an elevation gradient from 2774m to 3597m with experimental early snowmelt manipulation using paired control and treatment plots.

Instrument responsivity calibrations performed using laboratory lamp calibrations for the MFRSR and in-field side-by-side calibration for the MFR.

Upward-facing MFRSR measures downwelling irradiance through sequential observations reconstructed from irradiances during various shadowband positions.

Derivation of hydraulic permeability and porosity from ERT data through petrophysical relationships for model parameterization.

Field sampling using plot-based methods to assess time series data of aeolian sediment collections across varying climates, vegetation cover, and land uses. Includes field monitoring stations for cont...

SUMMA model simulation using downscaled forcings from the WUS-D3 dataset of downscaled CMIP6 GCMS for surface hoar study.

Data ranges for each sensor type were filtered based on a combination of sensor specifications and assumed reasonable values.

Thermistor chain with 2 cm spacing configured for terrestrial snowpack to measure continuous snow temperature profiles. Chain installed suspended from tripod with heating cycles to measure temperature...