Concepts

The duration a pollinator spends foraging on each flower, calculated by dividing total foraging bout duration by number of flowers visited

The degree to which wildlife populations are subjected to potential harvest mortality based on spatial overlap with legal hunting areas and temporal overlap with hunting seasons

Abundance and biomass of herbivorous insects, expected to decrease at higher elevations due to temperature constraints

A life-history trait that buffers marmots against climate change by allowing them to escape changes in climate and effectively expand their ecological niches

Ground squirrels metabolize fat reserves built up during previous foraging seasons, with high amounts of foraging ensuring enough fat storage levels for fitness and survival

Duration that an animal remains concealed in a refuge after fleeing from a predator threat

The tendency for similar individuals to associate and form ties, thus limiting their social worlds and altering the information they receive and the interactions they experience

Complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages that infect plant hosts in different families

The interaction between a host organism and its pathogen, where genes in the host that express resistance and genes in the pathogen that express virulence are highly specific and correspond to each ot...

Legal frameworks governing when, where, and how many game animals can be harvested including bag limits, possession limits, season length and timing, and area closures

Ectoparasitoids whose eggs are oviposited outside of the host, often in enclosed environments, with host development ceasing upon parasitism via paralysis

Movement of individuals into a population from external sources

The difference in days between an individual's peak bloom date and the population's peak bloom date at the site

The killing of infants by conspecifics other than the parents

successful manipulation of puzzle box to obtain food reward by opening either lid or door

Total dry weight of insects captured, used as proxy for abundance and population size

A measure of per-capita mortality rate calculated as the natural logarithm of survival over time

Cannibalism occurring between different age cohorts, where older individuals consume younger individuals of the same species

Density of fresh pika scat piles used as an index of relative population density

Traditional breeding display ground used by sage-grouse where males gather to perform courtship displays

Discrete developmental periods in marmots separated by annual hibernation: pups (<1 year), yearlings (1 year), and adults (≥2 years)

Ecological and life history traits that determine a bird species response to extreme meteorological events and vary with elevation

Social learning mechanism where individuals are attracted to a location simply by others being present, rather than learning specific manipulative tasks

Survival and performance of transplanted vegetation measured years after initial establishment

Changes in animal foraging activity and risk-taking behavior in response to different moon phases and associated predation risk

Males leaving the brood first, leaving their mates as sole caretakers of the larvae

The timing of male bee emergence relative to females, used as an indicator of social breeding strategy and brood structure.

Synchronized, massive flowering event that occurs infrequently in monocarpic species

Influence of maternal identity on offspring growth through burrow location, maternal investment, and genetics

Impact of maternal stress levels on offspring survival and development, potentially with intergenerational effects

Social group consisting of one to five closely-related females (yearlings and young) in yellow-bellied marmots

Body mass at specified age divided by adult body mass

Reduction in metabolic rate that can be active or passive

Peak metabolic rate and total energy expenditure during forced flight as measures of dispersal ability

Large piles of cones at the base of trees where squirrels stockpile cones, which are defended as territories and serve as cache for winter survival