Concepts

Genetic variants that confer novel or enhanced biochemical function compared to ancestral alleles

The cellular process by which genes are turned on or off in response to environmental stimuli or stressors

Enzyme activity that reduces oxidized glutathione back to reduced form, indicating antioxidant capacity

Long chains of mucopolysaccharides composed of repeated subunits of hexosamine and hyaluronic acid present in fish skin mucus

The spread of hepatitis viruses between animal hosts, particularly in mammalian populations

Liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis virus infection in mammals

A conserved nutrient-sensing signaling pathway that regulates cellular metabolism, survival, proliferation, and growth as well as reproduction

Communication between plant tissues over distances that affects reproductive processes, such as between pollen tubes and ovarian tissues

Viral replication strategy resulting in immediate host cell lysis and viral progeny release

A nutrient-sensing pathway where mTOR kinase can be activated by amino acids and regulates cellular processes at the lysosome

Ability of symbiotic microorganisms to metabolize compounds that are toxic or indigestible to their hosts

Key enzyme complex involved in methane metabolism in archaea

The variety and distribution of small circular single-stranded DNA viruses that infect bacteria

Transcription factor gene controlling scale development and coloration in butterflies

Measure of genome annotation quality based on similarity of predicted proteins to reference orthologs

Neuropeptide hormone often called 'love drug' or 'cuddle hormone' that mediates a suite of behavioral traits ranging from ultrasocial to antisocial

Genetic analysis to determine the male parent of offspring, used here via allozyme markers

Analytical technique using phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers to characterize soil microbial community structure and biomass

Bacterial sugar transport system that simultaneously transports and phosphorylates carbohydrates

A method of cellular communication in which organisms communicate via cell-to-cell signaling, coordinating gene expression based on population density

The ratio of ribosomal RNA to ribosomal DNA used to estimate the size of the dormant population in a community

A gene (rpfC) associated with transitions from dormant to active states and correlated with relative abundance of active microbes

Marker gene used for taxonomic classification of microbial communities

Specialized female reproductive organ for sperm storage, appearing as translucent pearl-white bean-shaped structure between bursae

The spatial distribution of proteins within cellular compartments that reflects their activation state and functional activity

Proteins that regulate gene expression, including pluripotency factors like OCT4 and SOX2 that can affect aging processes.

Method to identify modules of coexpressed genes and relate them to phenotypic traits

Biochemical processes by which insects detoxify plant secondary metabolites and other foreign compounds