FILE DESCRIPTION Keywords: Gunnison's prairie dog, Colony sizes and colony compositions by year File name = Fig 11.1, Top right, GPDs, Colony sizes and compositions by year, 18 Dec 2025 SM males = sexually mature GPD males, some of them yearlings SM females = yearling and adult fems, all of which co

Organisms inhabiting seasonal environments must fit their life cycle into a limited time window while also synchronizing periods of resource consumption with timing of resource availability. Introduced non-native species, which often differ in phenology from natives, can alter and expand the seasona

Ants are ecologically dominant members of terrestrial communities. Ant foraging is often strongly associated with plants and depends upon associative learning of chemicals in the environment. As a result, plant chemicals can affect ant behaviors and, in so doing, have strong multi-trophic indirect e

A long-standing question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained

The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that the structure of alarm vocalizations will be influenced by the signaller's internal state. Specifically, stressed or otherwise more aroused individuals will produce alarm calls that are relatively more nonlinear (i.e. they sound noisier). The positi

Psychological stress induced by exposure to predators has complex effects on the behaviour and physiology of prey species. This includes potential influences on gene expression mediated via stress-responsive physiological pathways such as the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus–pituitary–adr

Abstract Maternal investment in mammals may take many forms, including spatial relocation of offspring. Litter relocation behavior, in which a female moves her litter to a new location, has been reported for several species of carnivores and rodents but has received little study. We describe litter

Innovation has transformed ecology and evolution, and understanding behaviors that lead to innovation success can have profound implications and applications in animal populations and human society. In past research, persistence, behavioral selectivity, and neophobia have influenced an individual’s

Human disturbance in the form of ecotourism alters behavior many species and may impact fitness but few studies take an integrative approach to quantify impact in various ways to test for variation in physiological, behavioral, and consequential life history and demographic traits. We extended a pre

Natural areas and the animal communities within them are inevitably affected by human disturbance. Human disturbance can occur through tourism, ecotourism, and simply human presence. The effect of a human on an animal can be detrimental, and has even been shown to cause increases of stress response,

Many animal signals are complex, often combining multimodal components with dynamic motion. To understand the function and evolution of these displays, it is vital to appreciate their spatiotemporal organization. Male broad-tailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) perform dramatic U-shaped cour

As global climate changes ephemeral freshwater systems face changes in historical hydroperiod with a shift towards shorter wet periods. Vernal ponds are one such type of lentic ephemeral system; in general they are relatively small and shallow, which causes them to dry in late spring or early summer

Innovation is widespread in animals and may help them modify their behavior to changes in the environment. A common method to determine whether a species possesses innovative abilities is to present them with a novel foraging problem and then to explain the traits that may predict success. Individua

Groundwater in high elevation watersheds is difficult to quantify, but remains a major component in the hydrologic budget for the western United States. Concentration-discharge (C-Q) data can provide a framework for characterizing groundwater flow in small alpine catchments by indicating fluid resid

Mutualistic interactions between flowering plants and bees are a pairwise interaction, but exist in a network of similar interactions (Bronstein, 2001). The outcomes of these interactions differ, for example, the costs and benefits for flowering plants caused by floral visitors (Bronstein, 2001). Lu

In mutualistic interactions, the decision whether to cooperate or cheat depends on the relative costs and benefits of each strategy. In pollination mutualisms, secondary nectar robbing is a facultative behavior employed by a diverse array of nectar‐feeding organisms, and is thought to be a form of c

The interactions between floral resource phenology, bee foraging behaviour, and traits such as diet breadth, sociality, and body size are discussed and greater use of information contained in museum collections on bee phenologies and floral hosts is encouraged.