Climate change is shifting the environmental cues that determine the phenology of interacting species. Plant-pollinator systems may be susceptible to temporal mismatch if bees and flowering plants differ in their phenological responses to warming temperatures. While the cues that trigger flowering a

Intraspecific variation in flower color is often attributed to pollinator-mediated selection, yet this mechanism cannot explain flower color polymorphisms in self-pollinating species. Indirect selection mediated via biotic and abiotic stresses could maintain flower color variation in these systems.

Castilleja miniata is a hemiparasite capable of taking up chemical toxins from its host plant. A unique relationship is C. miniata’s parasitism on Delphinium nuttallianum (which contains alkaloids); alkaloids from D. nuttallianum are taken up into C. miniata’s nectar which could negatively affect C.

This paper describes the timing of floral color change with Lupinus argenteus and the behavior of pollinator visitation to manipulated treatments. In theory plants my benefit from color change in two ways. One way is to direct pollinators to rewarding flowers. This may increase the foraging efficien

Pollination by animals is critical to sexual reproduction of most angiosperms. However, little is known about variation in pollination service to single plant species. We report results of a long-term study of Ipomopsis aggregata, a semelparous montane herb whose flowers are visited by hummingbird a

Nectar robbers are often assumed to be plant antagonists; however, empirical data show that the impacts of these animals range from negative to positive depending on the system and ecological conditions. We experimentally evaluated the combined effects of nectar robbing and ant visitation on three i

Heterosis in WUE may help to explain the relatively high survival of both reciprocal F1 hybrids in dry sites within the natural hybrid zone, and differences among genotypic classes were spatially and temporally consistent.

Cheaters affect most mutualisms, but their effects remain misunderstood. This thesis

Albinos plants are usually discriminated by their pollinators. Exist the possibility that other pollinator drive a reproductive isolation on this plants. To observe if an albino of a plant commonly pollinated by hummingbirds can be selected by other pollinator we used the F1s of albinos of Ipomopsis

Plants are under siege from a diversity of enemies that consume both leaf and floral parts. Plants resist damage to leaves in a variety of ways, and we now have a rich literature documenting how plants defend themselves against herbivore attack. In contrast, the mechanisms by which plants resist ene