This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Climate Reconstruction. The data include parameters of climate reconstructions|tree ring w

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Climate Reconstruction. The data include parameters of instrumental with a geographic loca

This dataset contains meteorology and snow observation data collected at sites in the southwestern Colorado Rocky Mountains during water years 2019-2021. Data collection had an emphasis on paired open-forest sites and included three forested elevations. In total, we present 270 snow pit observations

Climate change can impact plant fitness and population persistence directly through changing abiotic conditions and indirectly through its effects on species interactions. Pollination and seed predation are important biotic interactions that can impact plant fitness, but their impact on population g

Many, but not all, animals respond to the sounds of their predators to assess predation risk. For those that can, does this ability persist after a predator has gone extinct? Are all predatory species equally likely to generate antipredator responses? And, more generally, what are the proximate mech

Plants and fungi are closely associated and likely have been since terrestrial ecosystems were first inhabited. These symbiotic relationships have taken two main forms: internal aboveground symbionts known as endophytes, and belowground root associated fungi, the most common of which are mycorrhizal

Play has been defined as apparently functionless behavior, yet since play is costly, it must have some function (or functions) to outweigh its costs. We provide the strongest evidence for a long-standing, but poorly supported hypothesis: that early play is practice for later dominance relationships.

Selection that differs between environments may maintain genetic differences in traits between two closely related species. In a natural hybrid zone, this environment-mediated selection could also prevent hybrids from successfully occupying parental habitats. Environment-mediated selection can act o

Many studies have demonstrated the negative effects of hemiparasites on host performance, such as decreased host biomass and reproductive capabilities. Much less work, however, has examined the role of hemiparasites in shaping plant community structure, though it has been proposed that the effect of

Past research suggests that the detritus pathway, or brown trophic pathway, is key to the availability of nutrients in nutrient-limited aquatic ecosystems. The interplay between the green and brown paths in aquatic food webs is relatively understudied, yet it is likely that the productivity of nutri

Much is known about bee pollination, but there is little information concerning pollination by syrphid flies. Syrphid flies are also important to study because they are the most significant flower visiting Dipteran insects, which are the second most important order among flower-visiting and flower-p

While the impacts of pollinator species on selection for floral traits in angiosperms are relatively well-studied, less is known about the contributions of herbivores towards selection on floral traits. We investigated the relationship among a variety of floral traits (including volatile emissions a

The ontogeny of personality traits is crucial to understanding their ecological significance but has not yet been well-studied. We examined the development of two traits that are commonly correlated in a syndrome, boldness and aggression, in a long-term study of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmot flaviv

Robert E. Roberts. Environmental Protection Agency. May 15, 2002.

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Randy Seaholm and Steve Miller, Sr. Colorado Water Conservation Board. March 12, 2002.

Economic Developer’s Council of Colorado and Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade, April, 2002