Protocols

Systematic collection of groundwater samples at regular depth intervals using sediment coring and peristaltic pumping, with immediate field analysis and laboratory chemical characterization. Targets t...

High-resolution integrated hydrological modeling using coupled PRMS-MODFLOW system to simulate surface water and groundwater interactions extending 400 m into subsurface. Model accounts for complex te...

Installation of three 10-meter deep monitoring wells along a hillslope transect equipped with suction lysimeters, pressure transducers, and temperature sensors for long-term subsurface monitoring. Wel...

Comprehensive chemical analysis of water samples including major ions, trace metals, and conservative tracers using multiple analytical techniques. Includes field measurements and laboratory analyses ...

Integrated groundwater flow and reactive transport modeling using PHT-USG coupled with MODFLOW-USG for geochemical reactions and PHREEQC for reaction modeling. Includes parameter estimation using PEST...

Quantitative XRD analysis of powdered rock samples using Rietveld refinement to determine mineral concentrations and spatial distribution. Samples analyzed under multiple conditions including ethylene...

High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance to characterize the molecular composition of organic matter in different chemical extractions.

Depth-resolved sampling and analysis of subsurface materials for mineralogical composition, organic matter content, and spatial distribution of weathering products from soil through bedrock.

Autonomous sampling system using osmotic pumps to continuously collect water samples over extended periods for chemical analysis. Tubing inlets placed at different depths collect time-integrated sampl...

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of Fe-bearing colloids using synchrotron radiation with cryogenic sample preparation and shell-by-shell fitting to determine molecular coordination en...

Aqueous CO2 concentrations determined by headspace equilibration in glass bottles followed by IRGA analysis of extracted headspace gas with correction factors applied.

Separation of sediment organic carbon into free light fraction (FLF), occluded light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF) using sodium polytungstate density separation at 1.65 g/mL with sonication ...

A novel approach that captures the difference in concentration in a river segment over the difference in discharge, accounting for gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations...

Development and application of a 2-D multiphase reactive transport model using PFLOTRAN to simulate coupled hydrological and biogeochemical processes in shale weathering. The model integrates variably...

Deionized water extraction of sediments following Gregorich and Carter (2007) to measure dissolved nutrients and organic carbon. Designed to minimize physical disruption and reflect carbon and nutrien...

Systematic characterization of alluvial sediment physical properties through grain size analysis and bulk density measurements to derive hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and van Genuchten parameters ...

Longitudinal grab sampling along Coal Creek mainstem during three critical hydrograph stages (peak flow, falling limb, low flow) across multiple years to characterize spatial and temporal variability ...

Measurement of oxygen consumption rates in pore water samples using resazurin as an indicator dye. Samples preserved at 4°C for 24 hours before spectrofluorometric analysis to determine aerobic respir...

Sequential chemical extractions using water, sodium pyrophosphate, HCl, and sodium dithionite to selectively dissolve mineral phases of varying crystallinity and their associated organic carbon.

Spatially distributed sampling campaign conducted during peak hydrologic conditions to identify locations of enhanced dissolved organic carbon export across a watershed transect.

Standard analytical chemistry methods using ion chromatography for anions and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for cations and trace elements in filtered water samples.

Standardized chlorination procedure to simulate drinking water treatment and quantify the potential for organic matter to form regulated disinfection byproducts under controlled conditions.

Application of uniform temperature increases to historical climate sequences to assess hydrological response to warming. Seasonal warming scenarios applied independently to test timing effects on wate...

Colorimetric determination of ferrous iron concentrations using ferrozine reagent with spectrophotometric measurement at 562 nm absorption peak and calibration curve from standard solutions.

Integrated approach combining borehole drilling with comprehensive geophysical logging including NMR, electrical resistivity, temperature, and electromagnetic measurements to characterize subsurface b...

Mica sheets are placed over thin sections, irradiated in a nuclear reactor, and examined under microscopy to identify areas of elevated uranium concentration through fission track density patterns. Th...

Stepped-temperature thermal analysis to quantify readily oxidizable organic carbon (OC400), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and residual organic carbon (ROC) fractions with different thermal stabilities...

Sequential extraction and ICP-MS analysis of soil pools and plant tissues to trace nutrient sources using 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Includes mixing model calculations to quantify proportional contributions fr...

Anaerobic incubation of hyporheic sediments with artificial river water for 57 days to study kinetics of Fe(II), Mn(II), DOC and nitrate. Conducted in sealed bottles under N2 atmosphere.

Drilling of boreholes in 2017 and 2018 and completion as vertically discrete nested monitoring wells and single monitoring wells. Includes well construction documentation.

Water samples filtered in field using 0.2 micron filter into 50 ml falcon tubes and shipped on ice for analysis.

Large number of groundwater manipulation and biostimulation experiments conducted primarily in plot C study area.

Single-packer apparatus testing with in-line flow meter and interval pressure monitoring during drilling advancement.

Dissolved sulfide concentration determined by reacting H2S with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine under acidic conditions to form methylene blue.

Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System methods used to survey channel cross-sections and document channel geometry. Cross-sections were re-surveyed to document changes over time.

Examination of collected substrates to evaluate particle loading, morphology, and spatial distribution.

Sample pre-treatment method using PPL cartridges (Bond Elut) after acidifying samples to pH 2 with phosphoric acid to extract organic compounds.

Measurement of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios using Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectrometer with auto-sampler and heated injector block. Results reported in δ-notation relative to Vienna St...

Samples filtered through 0.22 μm Sterivex filters with housings made of Eastar co-polyester.

Normalization of transcriptomic data using Transcripts Per Million (TPM) method.

Gas samples were collected with a peristaltic pump from pre-installed lysimeters and stored in pre-evacuated serum bottles.