Concepts

Plastic particles smaller than 5 mm that result from fragmentation of larger plastic pieces

Topographic variation on the order of submeters to several meters which can be characterized mainly through airborne light detection and ranging data

Collection of small vertebrate fossils recovered from sedimentary deposits

The variety and distribution of small circular single-stranded DNA viruses that infect bacteria

Large piles of cones at the base of trees where squirrels stockpile cones, which are defended as territories and serve as cache for winter survival

Pulverized waste rock not containing useful ore, typically deposited as slurry or fine dust, often containing toxic metals and chemicals

The spatial distribution of different mineral assemblages around a hydrothermal center

Complex flower morphologies with hooded flowers and long nectar spurs that may influence microbial signal transmission and pollinator behavior

Differences in physical characteristics, particularly head capsule size, between coexisting species

Individuals bearing characteristics from both parent species indicating potential hybrid status

Hydrologic system responses where combined effects of multiple perturbations differ from the sum of individual effects

Species loss that is targeted at species with traits that make them particularly vulnerable to environmental change

Colors that stimulate multiple cone types simultaneously but cannot be produced by monochromatic light, such as purple

A plant species recently introduced to an environment that herbivorous insects may exploit as a new resource

Behavioral response to unfamiliar objects or situations in an animal's environment

The dietary status and nutritional condition of an organism that can influence its behavioral decisions

Animals which feed on both plant and prey sources, allowing them to effect multiple trophic levels within a food web

Local concentrations of ore minerals within veins

Barriers that can be impediments to individuals participating in outdoor recreational activities, often reflected in sociocultural issues

Population density exceeding the carrying capacity of available resources, leading to reduced individual condition

Diffusion-limited organic-rich deposits that result from river meanders with fine-grained nature producing near-zero rate of water flow

An ancient valley system that may have influenced past patterns of erosion and exhumation

The differential attraction of insects to certain colored traps, potentially leading to non-representative samples of the true community

Large-scale moving or stationary paintings designed to create immersive visual experiences for 19th-century audiences

Non-random distribution of parasites among hosts with most hosts having few parasites

Life cycle strategy where organisms take more than one year to complete development

Non-uniform spatial distribution of virus occurrence across host populations

Changes in the geographical distribution of pathogens in response to environmental pressures, host movement, or climate change

Phenomenon leading to increase in pathogen prevalence and intensity in wild bee populations when commercial bees escape and infect wild populations

Use of the same elevated vantage points by different individuals or species for predator detection

Oscillatory population dynamics that repeat over time cycles rather than approaching stable equilibrium

Visual detection capability to the sides while foraging that can be blocked by obstructions

Imaging approach where the detector is placed at a larger distance behind the sample, generating an interference pattern that reflects spatial variation in phase shifts

Earlier spring arrival of aphids on host plants before ants are active, disrupting temporal overlap between mutualistic partners

A behavior in which an organism uses a host, typically of a different species, as a means of transportation

A specialized egg-laying apparatus that surmounts host plant physical defences and may be evolutionarily labile, allowing access to plant interior for herbivorous insects

Environmental contamination by plastic materials and their degradation products

Apparently functionless behavior that is costly and exposes animals to various risks including predation, but must have substantial benefits

Shift from bee-dominated pollinator communities at lower elevations to fly-dominated communities at higher elevations

Changes in pollinator foraging patterns, preferences, and physiology in response to ethanol presence in nectar and honey

Based on six membered planar hydrocarbon rings, such as benzene, coronene, or anthracene, known carcinogens that play a role in soot formation

Decade-long changes in population size observed in tiger salamander populations