Concepts

The most recent major glaciation in the Rocky Mountains during the late Pleistocene

Incorrectly concluding there is a species effect when the effect is actually due to lower-level genetic variation

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation that increases with elevation and can damage plant tissues

Black and white markings that lack color information

Atmospheric layer with elevated concentration of aerosol particles, detectable through lidar backscatter measurements

Behavioral differences between juvenile and adult animals related to different survival priorities and risk tolerance

Developmental condition where nestlings lack down, sufficient mobility, and ability to feed themselves, characterizing species like Mountain White-crowned sparrows

Consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, concept known as animal personality, behavioural types, temperament or coping styles

Use of trees by terrestrial mammals for foraging, resting, or other activities

Ten percent of all annual atmospheric soot emissions in Northern Hemisphere are from boreal wildfires

Natural disturbance event that can affect small mammal populations by crushing animals, destroying burrows, eliminating food sources, or preventing emergence after hibernation

A flowering pattern characterized by two distinct peaks separated by a valley of lower abundance

Communities of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses that live on soil surfaces and contribute to soil stability and fertility

Differential outcomes based on position within family birth sequence

Large fluctuations in damage levels driven by interactions between warming and precipitation variability

A spatial pattern of rapid exhumation concentrated in a central zone with decreasing rates toward the periphery

Effects of herbivory and pollination that persist from one growing season to the next

Natural waterfall barriers that create transitions between fishless upstream reaches and fish-containing downstream reaches

Small DNA viruses with circular single-stranded genomes that include families like Circoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Genomoviridae

A mixed mating system in which plants can produce both open, chasmogamous (CH) flowers and closed, obligately self-pollinating, cleistogamous (CL) flowers within the same growing season

Global warming and extreme weather events that threaten marmot survival through increasing temperature and changing precipitation patterns

Anthropogenic environmental change expected to alter soil moisture availability and increase nitrogen deposition

Earlier emergence from hibernation in mid-April, more than a month earlier than in the 1970s, due to climate change effects

Simultaneous attack of hosts by multiple enemies, in this case herbivores and bacterial pathogens

Cooperation between 2 or more individuals against a third during an aggressive or competitive encounter, or formed for intergroup contests to defend territory or take over breeding groups