Concepts

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for ultrahigh-resolution molecular characterization

Use of passive integrated transponder tags for remote detection and tracking of individual animals without need for recapture

Measure of how noisy or random a sound is, with pure tones having entropy values approaching negative infinity

The distance between the anus and the genital papilla, used as a non-invasive measure of prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones

A method using living organisms to determine what chemicals or nutrients are present in soil by measuring growth responses

Energy content of plant materials measured as calories per gram of ash-free oven-dry weight

Organic matter particles larger than 1 mm, including intact leaves and larger detrital fragments

The upper thermal limit when the bumblebee loses its motor function as a result of high temperatures

Statistical technique used to classify observations into predefined groups based on multiple variables

Methodology for measuring turbulent fluxes using high-frequency measurements of vertical wind velocity and scalar concentrations

Activity of enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms that catalyze decomposition of organic matter and provide assimilable carbon and nitrogen compounds

The slope of peak NDVI as a linear function of the June Palmer Drought Severity Index, representing plant productivity responses to early growing season drought conditions

Analytical technique combining gas chromatography separation with mass spectrometry identification for analyzing volatile compounds

Preserved plant specimens that are picked in the field, pressed flat, dried and attached to archival-grade paper with relevant information recorded, then stored in climate-controlled cabinets

Maximum running speed of an individual measured during chase trials

Proportional increase in body mass during the active growing season, calculated as August 15 body mass divided by June 1 body mass

the rate of nutrient excretion per unit body mass of an organism

Total amount of living microbial tissue in soil measured as carbon and nitrogen content

Molecular technique using highly polymorphic DNA markers to assess genetic relationships among individuals

Rate of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site normalized by synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dN/dS)

Percentage of leaf area affected by pathogen symptoms including powdery mildew, rust, and other fungal diseases

The abundance or availability of resources in a given area

Duration of favorable conditions for bee development and reproduction, shorter at high elevations