Concepts

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from natural sunlight

Cloud radar operating at approximately 94 GHz frequency with high sensitivity to cloud particles

Spectroscopic technique that provides information on sulfur redox states and bonding environments for investigating sulfur cycling in natural systems

Synchrotron-based multiple energy μ-XRF 2D mapping technique for detecting spatial distributions of elements and their oxidation states

Imaging technique using X-ray photons with energies in the range of 10²-10⁶ eV to visualize internal structures

The capacity of water to neutralize acids, indicating buffering ability against acidification

The depth below which the total annual groundwater flux is a sufficiently small fraction of the annual watershed hydrologic budget that its exclusion from watershed numerical models has a negligible i...

Number of alleles present in a population, standardized for sample size

Correction factor accounting for loss of helium due to alpha particles being ejected from mineral grains during radioactive decay

The directional dependence of magnetic susceptibility in rocks that results from depositional, diagenetic, syn- and post-sedimentary processes affecting magnetic grains

The area within a species' extent of occurrence that is actually occupied by the species, calculated using grid-based methods

Percentage of inorganic material remaining after high-temperature combustion

Vertical measurement of atmospheric properties including temperature, humidity, wind, and aerosol concentrations

The horizontal distance an avalanche travels from the starting zone to where it stops

Computational method to trace the path of air masses backwards in time to determine source regions

Absolute abundance of bacteria measured as colony forming units per unit leaf mass

Annual change in cross-sectional area of tree stem measured from tree ring widths

The flux of weathering-derived cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) from subsurface to surface waters

Arthropods collected in bee bowl traps that are not being examined by a study and are not collected or recorded in any data set

Quantitative measurement of presence/absence, frequency, and/or duration of specific behaviors

Having superior aggressive behaviors that deter other ants, measured through direct encounters

Proportion of time spent in relaxed behaviors (foraging, preening, vocalizing) following acoustic stimulus presentation

proportion of successful behaviors when interacting with apparatus

Diversity of soil microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protist communities

Chemical and physical properties of sediments including pH, bulk density, organic matter content, dissolved nutrients, and moisture content that influence microbial processes.

Comprehensive collection method attempting to document all species present at a site regardless of abundance

The weight of an individual animal, used as an indicator of survival and fecundity

Measures of brood fitness including larval number, weight, and production efficiency

Number of butterflies observed during a given time period, used as a measure of behavioral activity influenced by environmental conditions

Automated identification of species from camera trap photographs using machine learning

Digital representation of forest canopy height derived from remote sensing data

Enzymes involved in the synthesis, modification, and degradation of carbohydrates including polysaccharides

Spectroscopic techniques including NEXAFS and FTIR used to characterize the functional group composition and chemical structure of organic carbon

The dominant frequency component of acoustic signals, measured as the highest peak frequency from FFT analysis