Concepts

Human-induced nitrogen input that has doubled biologically-available nitrogen on Earth

Genomic bins reconstructed from metagenomic sequencing data representing individual microbial taxa

The effects of long-term warming on hydrological processes, including changes in snowpack dynamics, growing season length, and water demand by vegetation

Coupled modeling approach simulating surface and subsurface hydrologic processes including groundwater flow and particle tracking

Removal of nitrate from porewater through denitrification and other biogeochemical processes

Spatial variability in biogeochemical processes and solute sources within watersheds, particularly between shallow soil zones and deeper groundwater zones

Ability of forest ecosystems to maintain function during water-limited conditions through adaptive water use strategies

Oxidative dissolution of pyrite mineral producing sulfuric acid and iron oxides under oxic conditions

Standardized measure of water deficit calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) over 12-month periods

A proxy for subsurface moisture conditions calculated as the log ratio between upslope contributing area and slope angle

Naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen (²H) and oxygen (¹⁸O) in water molecules used to trace water sources and movement through soil-plant systems

The relationship between solute concentrations and discharge in streams, widely used as a metric for interpreting interaction of hydrological processes, chemical transport, and mineral reactions in wa...

Chemical and physical breakdown of sedimentary shale rocks through interactions with water, atmospheric gases, and biological processes

The division of water flow between different hydrological pathways including surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and deep groundwater flow

Statistical assessment of how well model outputs match observational data using metrics like correlation and efficiency measures

Spatial organization of aerobic and anaerobic zones based on dissolved oxygen availability that controls biogeochemical reactions

The interplay of belowground, microsite-scale biological, physical, and chemical processes that intersect to drive whole-ecosystem functioning

Machine learning approach that combines multiple algorithms to improve predictive performance and robustness

Redox-stratified and temporally dynamic sediments in river corridors where biological processes mediate sulfur transformations

Microbial reduction of sulfate coupled to organic matter oxidation in anoxic environments resulting in formation of low solubility sulfide minerals

Soil electrical conductivity measured via electrical resistivity tomography to estimate soil moisture and subsurface properties

Geophysical method using electromagnetic waves to measure subsurface properties including snow density through travel-time analysis

Concentration-discharge pattern where solute concentrations remain relatively constant across flow conditions, indicated by C-Q slope near zero

Statistical approach to quantify proportional contributions of different water sources to mixed samples using tracer concentrations

Spatial variations in oxidation-reduction conditions within floodplain environments that can form within microsites, along textural transitions, or along the capillary fringe

Vertical distribution of plant nutrient uptake from soil surface through saprolite to bedrock