Activation of the complement system is mediated by the interaction between pathogens and pattern recognition molecules (PRMs); mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins, and collectin-10/-11 from the lectin pathway and C1q from the classical pathway. Lectin pathway activation specifically depends on pr

This data package consists of soil temperature and soil water content sensor data from the warming experiment near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory. Data range is from summer 2015 to summer 2019, when the warming manipulation was terminated. The location of the warming experiment is in the u

As a case study of adaptive strategies in temporally varying environments, thermoregulation in three populations of Colias butterflies along an elevation gradient in Colorado is studied in relation to the fluctuating meteorological environment. Emphasis is placed on short time scale (15-300 s) varia

This study identifies the physical determinants of thermoregulation in Colias, develops and tests models that predict the patterns of body temperature and flight activity along an elevational gradient, and explores the relationship of the thermoreGulatory characteristics to these patterns among Coli

A game theoretical model is advanced to explain the emergence time schedule of male butterflies under temporal “apostatic” selection, so that males emerging on different days enjoy equal fitness in evolutionary equilibrium.

The observed differences in catchability between sexes is also correlated with the sexual differences in flight behavior reported here, and the time spent in flight, short life expectancies, and time budgets of Colias suggest that the time available for flight activity during an individual's lifetim

Weasels were determined to be more effective predators of pikas than martens, and these asymmetries in behavior and alarm vocalizations may indicate that responses reduce an individual's risk of predaton by weasels.

The numbers of flower parts are considered among the most constant angiosperm characters However, nearly 33% of the plants in 13 populations of Ipomopsis aggregata in Colorado had at least one anomalous flower, and almost 10% of the flowers displayed abnormal merism (abnormal floral formulas) Floral

Although the effective diffusion coefficient for gases is inversely related to barometric pressure, rates of daily water loss during natural incubation and final water contents of pipped embryos are independent of altitude in eggs of redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) breeding from sea level

Hummingbirds depend on floral nectars for energy. This entails a significant water excess which is eliminated in chronic diuresis. In the eight species from which we obtained urine samples, solutes were conserved by reducing urine osmotic concentrations to approximately one-fifth of plasma levels. S

The effort necessary to measure the differences in lifetime reproductive success in nature has already been described convincingly (20). All impregnations, births, and deaths that occur throughout the entire turnover of a wild population must be recorded. This process is both necessary and fascinati

The periodic cycles in populations of microtine rodents and hares are considered together to provide the suggestion that the natural period is endogenous and size-dependent, and may be a consequence of the physiological and reproductive pace of the life cycle that scales as the fourth root of body m

It is suggested the relocation to Myrmica nests, rich in phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, may result in greater survivorship of seedlings, and the hypothesis that relocation of ant-dispersed seeds into ant nests may be advantageous to the plant species involved is suggested.

Hematological values of scuirids are adaptive to environmental factors such as hypoxia of burrows and high altitude, temperature and metabolic rate, and PCV of yellow-bellied marmots evidences an adaptive response to high altitude when compared to the closely-related woodchuck, M. monax.