Nestedness and modularity are measures of ecological networks whose causative effects are little understood. We analyzed antagonistic plant–herbivore bipartite networks using common gardens in two contrasting environments comprised of aspen trees with differing evolutionary histories of defence agai

While environmental factors strongly influence plant growth and reproduction, less is known about environmental effects on sexual selection and sexual conflict. In this study on mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla we investigated whether soil resource environment affected traits associated with sexu

The data indicate that bumblebees exhibit great plasticity in foraging behavior and that they are able to forage efficiently under a wide range of environmental conditions.

Differences in foraging behavior observed on two plant species with similar floral and inflorescence structures increase the neighborhood size for nectar producing species and make it increasingly unlikely that random drift will be a dominant mode of evolution in populations of these species.

It is concluded that presence of pollen on recipient flowers significantly reduces the average number of subsequent flowers reached by donor pollen.

By sampling standing crop of nectar in a D. nelsonii population during periods of both high and low bumblebee abundance evidence was gathered indicating that hot and cold spots are caused by bumblebees.

(1) Per-flower insect visitation rates on two plant species within Rocky Mountain subalpine meadows were measured using fluorescent powders and found to be positively correlated with local flower density, suggesting that insects concentrate their foraging in dense patches of flowers. (2) Visitation

Evidence is presented in support of the suggestion that a hovering bird is able to move between flowers more quickly than one that is perching, however, this advantage to hovering may be offset by the higher energetic costs of hovering as compared with perching.