Despite the large variation in pollinator abundance over time and space, one species of bumble-bee or hawkmoth tended to predominate in each population each year. Future studies of Aquilegia coerulea should examine the specific influences of pollinators and the environment on flower colour and of ha

Densities of invertebrates were manipulated within stony substrate filled cages in a Wisconsin and a Colorado stream to test the effects of prey densities on colonizaiton of the cages by invertebrate predators and potential competitors. There was no difference between the number of predators coloniz

Humans in strong social relationships are more likely to live longer because social relationships may buffer stressors and thus have protective effects. However, a shortcoming of human studies is that they often rely on self-reporting of these relationships. By contrast, observational studies of non

Broad‐tailed and rufous hummingbirds avoid plants and flowers that have recently been visited by nectar‐robbing bees. However, the cues the hummingbirds use to make such choices are not known. To determine the proximate cues hummingbirds use to avoid visiting nectar‐robbed plants, I conducted multip

Abstract1. Microclimate was measured and photosynthetic responses to a climate warming manipulation were compared for the evergreen shrub Artemisia tridentata and the herbaceous forb Erigeron speciosus in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA.2. Soil was warmer and drier under infra‐red heaters compare

P Phenological observations showed that most species occupying moist habitats continued active growth for longer periods and efficiency of water use was lower for species occupying dry habitats than for those in moist habitats.

An examination of nonlinearities in vocalizations of other species suggests that non linearities may be an honest indicator of arousal, and this honesty elicits heightened responses in receivers.

Yellow-bellied marmots were studied to understand the effects of specific types of human disturbance on antipredator behavior, a behavior whose performance enhances survival, and found that when the presence of motorized vehicles and bicycles was high, marmot increased the proportion of time spent v

In bumblebee visits to flowers of Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae), the ratio of self‐ to nonself‐ (“outcross”) pollen grains deposited on the stigma is positively correlated with the degree of stylar exsertion beyond the anthers. Natural populations show substantial, continuous variation in sty

Excretion rate estimates are important for linking consumers to biogeochemical processes. Short-term incu- bations in chambers are a common approach for studies. This, however, may result in inaccuracies due to a well- documented decline in excretion with time, which is often attributed to fasting.

Phylogenetic relationships may underlie species‐specific phenological sensitivities to abiotic variation and may help to predict these responses to climate change. Although shared evolutionary history may mediate both phenology and phenological sensitivity to abiotic variation, few studies have expl

The effects of nectar robbers on plants and their mutualistic pollinators are poorly understood due, in part, to the paucity of studies examining male reproductive success in nectar-robbed plants. Here we measured the effects of a nectar-robbing bumblebee, Bombus occidentalis, on realized male repro

The energy dynamics of 2 colonies of yellow—bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) were studied in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado in 1969 and 1970. The Intake—Rejecta and Maintenance—Production models, which included an analysis of seasonal variations in energy flow parameters, yielded simi

How hostplant specialization and abundance affect the relative abundance and distribution of lycaenid butterflies is considered and it is suggested that abundance-distribution relationships might emerge at regional and continental scales if local abundance were averaged across many habitat types.

Journal Article The Ecology of Avian Incubation Get access Cynthia Carey Cynthia Carey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 30, Issue 12, December 1980, Pages 819–824, https://doi.org/10.2307/1308374 Published: 01 December 1980 Article history A

Results show that Pieris require thoracic temperature in order to take off and fly, and achieve these elevated temperatures by basking, and suggest that a re-evaluation of the functional significance of melanization in Pieris is needed.

Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral colors. For humans, purple is the clearest example of a nonspectral color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the retina (blue and red) with nonadjacent spectral sensitivity curves are predominantly stimulated. Purple is considere