Protocols

Daily water and energy budget modeling at 100-m grid resolution using the US Geological Survey Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) with climate forcing from SNOTEL stations and LiDAR snow obse...

Systematic comparison of modeled precipitation against station observations and multiple gridded datasets using percent error calculations and spatial pattern analysis. Includes seasonal decomposition...

Stream discharge measurement using acoustic doppler velocimetry with systematic cross-sectional velocity measurements integrated to calculate total flow.

Direct measurement of soil depth using auger drilling to bedrock contact, validated with cone penetrometer resistance profiles. Distinguishes mobile regolith from weathered bedrock layers.

Standardized random sampling technique for measuring substrate particle size distribution by selecting pebbles under the sampler's toe while walking systematic transects.