Protocols

Vegetation greenness assessment using Green Chromatic Coordinate as proxy for evapotranspiration rates. Calculates green reflectance normalized by total visible flux from masked vegetation areas.

Long-term monitoring of subsurface temperatures in pika habitat using buried data loggers to characterize thermal stress and microclimate conditions.

Standardized eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy fluxes between ecosystems and atmosphere. Continuous automated measurements providing ground truth data for model t...

Stream discharge measurement using acoustic doppler velocimetry with systematic cross-sectional velocity measurements integrated to calculate total flow.

Small uncrewed aircraft systems equipped with pyranometers, multispectral cameras, and radiometers to map spatial variability in surface albedo, vegetation indices, and soil moisture. Flights timed to...

Uses ASTER thermal infrared data to identify areas of anomalous surface temperature. Areas with modeled temperatures between 1° and 2° above the mean are classified as weakly anomalous to anomalous.

Water level elevations obtained using barometric pressure from pressure transducers in wells, combined with TOC elevation and depth measurements.

Used optical instruments with lasers to measure size and fall speed of precipitation particles including raindrops, snowflakes, and hail.

CLAMPS2 Halo Streamline XR+ Doppler lidar directs beam to zenith for measurement of vertical velocity with range-resolved measurements of radial velocity, intensity and attenuated backscatter.

Use of ground control points to associate calibration images and video to real-world distances and provide pixel ground scale distance for each video.

Continuous hourly monitoring of meteorological variables including wind, temperature, humidity, snowpack depth, and radiation components using tower-mounted instrumentation.

Rain measurements recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge, though may not be accurate for winter precipitation events like snow.

Soil moisture measurements using the Lobe Differencing Correlation Radiometer (LDCR) L-Band microwave radiometer flown on aerial platforms.