Concepts

Transfer of genetic material between organisms through mechanisms other than vertical inheritance

Biochemical pathway producing anthocyanin pigments responsible for purple coloration

A small chemical modification that occurs in most cytosines that are followed by a guanine (CpGs) in mammalian genomes, serving as an epigenetic marker.

Communication between the central and enteric nervous systems as a potential mechanism for microbiome-behavior relationships

DNA amplification technique that amplifies circular DNA templates using phi29 DNA polymerase

Method for identifying host-pathogen relationships through sequence identity between CRISPR spacers and target genomes

Three-step biochemical process of transamination, decarboxylation, and reduction that converts amino acids to higher alcohols

A transcription factor that controls expression of genes that mediate the negative effects of reduced IIS and is restricted from the nucleus when phosphorylated by Akt

Major histocompatibility complex genes involved in antigen presentation and immune response

Alternative targeting of gene products to different cellular compartments through splice variants or targeting sequences

A JA-mimic produced by certain strains of P. syringae that causes the plant to inhibit SA production, allowing the bacteria to increase its virulence while encountering minimal defenses

Changes in protein catalytic function through amino acid substitutions affecting substrate specificity or activity

The cellular process by which genes are turned on or off in response to environmental stimuli or stressors

The spread of hepatitis viruses between animal hosts, particularly in mammalian populations

A conserved nutrient-sensing signaling pathway that regulates cellular metabolism, survival, proliferation, and growth as well as reproduction

Communication between plant tissues over distances that affects reproductive processes, such as between pollen tubes and ovarian tissues

Viral replication strategy resulting in immediate host cell lysis and viral progeny release

A nutrient-sensing pathway where mTOR kinase can be activated by amino acids and regulates cellular processes at the lysosome

Bacterial sugar transport system that simultaneously transports and phosphorylates carbohydrates

A method of cellular communication in which organisms communicate via cell-to-cell signaling, coordinating gene expression based on population density

The spatial distribution of proteins within cellular compartments that reflects their activation state and functional activity

Proteins that regulate gene expression, including pluripotency factors like OCT4 and SOX2 that can affect aging processes.

Biochemical processes by which insects detoxify plant secondary metabolites and other foreign compounds