Concepts

Behavioral displays performed by animals during mating season to attract mates or compete for breeding opportunities

Differences between males and females in morphology, physiology, and/or behaviour resulting from differences in strength and shape of selection acting on each sex

Morphological differences in the same species across different geographic regions

Genetic differentiation between populations across the genome, measured by allele frequency differences and population genetic statistics like FST

Color-based visual contrast as perceived by animal visual systems

Computational approach to predict how visual signals are perceived by animal visual systems

Mathematical representation of color perception in birds based on stimulation of four cone types (UV/violet-sensitive, short-wave-sensitive, medium-wave-sensitive, long-wave-sensitive)

Quantitative measurements of beak characteristics including length, width, and curvature