Concepts

Rapid, synchronous mortality of aspen across large areas characterized by gradual sudden aspen decline associated with recent drought and temperature stress

Vegetative reproduction producing genetically identical individuals, characteristic of quaking aspen forming cohesive clones with limited spatial interdigitation

Growth of new aspen trees through sexual reproduction (seeds) or asexual reproduction (suckering from root systems)

The ability of young trees to successfully establish and survive in a given environment