Concepts

Predicts that fast-growing plants in high resource environments invest less in defense because they can easily regrow after herbivory

Photosynthetically active radiation levels measured as percentage of full-sun radiation

Suite of plant responses to shade including stem elongation, reduced branching, and accelerated flowering to compete for light

Environmental gradient of light availability from open sun through intermediate shade to deep shade habitats

Study of how organisms obtain and use nutrients and how nutrition affects fitness