Concepts

The fraction of solar radiation reflected by the surface, with snow-covered surfaces having high albedo (0.8) and snow-free surfaces having lower values

The difference between net radiation flux at the surface under all-sky and clear-sky conditions, accounting for both downwelling and upwelling radiation changes

Measure of cloud opacity to solar radiation, related to cloud droplet concentration and size distribution

Classification of cloud particles as liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or mixed phase

Spectral band ratio that leverages the fact that snow reflectance is high in visible wavelengths and low in shortwave infrared wavelengths

Parameter describing the water uptake ability of aerosol particles using κ-Köhler theory