Concepts

Spectral band ratio that leverages the fact that snow reflectance is high in visible wavelengths and low in shortwave infrared wavelengths

Transfer of sensible and latent heat between surface and atmosphere via turbulent mixing

Mathematical equation describing water flow in partially saturated soils by relating volumetric soil water content to constitutive relations

Radar systems that transmit and receive both horizontal and vertical polarizations to characterize particle shape, orientation, and microphysical properties

Statistical approach using prior distributions and likelihood functions to make probabilistic inferences about model parameters

A theoretical framework relating long-term evapotranspiration to water availability and atmospheric evaporative demand

Methodology for measuring turbulent fluxes using high-frequency measurements of vertical wind velocity and scalar concentrations

High spatial resolution climate modeling at sub-kilometer scales for hydrological applications

The positive feedback mechanism where reduced snow cover lowers surface albedo, increasing absorption and further reducing snow cover

Integration of time-series data across different temporal resolutions and scales

Statistical approach using prior information and measurement uncertainties to optimally estimate atmospheric properties

Mountainous regions with significant topographic variability that influences weather and climate processes

Rate at which turbulent kinetic energy is converted to heat, used as quantitative measure of atmospheric turbulence intensity

Parameter describing the water uptake ability of aerosol particles using κ-Köhler theory