Concepts

The positive relationship between species richness and the surveyed area, described by the power-law S=cA^z where c is the intercept and z measures the rate of community turnover

Alpine plants growing in clumps with multiple species interacting in close proximity, affecting microhabitats and species interactions

Territorial behavior including alarm and warning calls to protect midden from squirrels and other mammals, with territories ranging from 0.5 to 1 hectares defended through vocalizations and chasing

The degree to which parasites show preference or restriction to particular host species rather than being generalist

Areas of transition between adjacent, distinct ecosystems with unique species assemblages at the fringes of mature stands

Reduction in population growth rates, size, or occurrence across species ranges

Shift toward woody plant encroachment into nonwoody meadows and grasslands

Decrease in compositional similarity between communities with increasing geographic distance or environmental separation

Systematic tendency for historical plant collectors to preferentially collect rare or uncommon species while avoiding common, dominant species

Traits like crown-stripe width, plumage coloration, and song that require additional energy to maintain and signal mate quality

Univoltine species which develop from overwintered eggs in pools formed by melting snow water