Concepts

Preserved plant specimens that are picked in the field, pressed flat, dried and attached to archival-grade paper with relevant information recorded, then stored in climate-controlled cabinets

A metric that compares observed values to null model expectations, calculated as (observed - expected) / standard deviation of null distribution

Loss of cellular electrolytes through compromised cell membranes, used as indicator of heat stress damage

The distance between branch whorls on conifers, used to measure annual growth

Standardized method for observing and counting birds at fixed locations for specified time periods