Concepts

The positive relationship between species richness and the surveyed area, described by the power-law S=cA^z where c is the intercept and z measures the rate of community turnover

Alpine plants growing in clumps with multiple species interacting in close proximity, affecting microhabitats and species interactions

The degree to which parasites show preference or restriction to particular host species rather than being generalist

Shift toward woody plant encroachment into nonwoody meadows and grasslands

Decrease in compositional similarity between communities with increasing geographic distance or environmental separation