Concepts

Spread of disease between individuals through various mechanisms including spore dispersal

Distance range that maximizes pollen fertilization success and offspring survival

Selection pressures that oppose each other within or between levels of biological organization

Non-random mating where individuals preferentially mate with similar individuals

Pollination behavior where bumblebees make vibrations that knock pollen out of plant anthers, fertilizing the plant and allowing quicker seed and fruit production

Crosses between two species where each species serves as both maternal and paternal parent, allowing study of cytoplasmic inheritance effects