Concepts

The extent of possible variation in a particular phenotypic trait where different dimensions represent the extent of phenotypic variation in two traits

Spread of disease between individuals through various mechanisms including spore dispersal

F-statistics (FIS, FST, FIT) measuring genetic differentiation and inbreeding at different hierarchical levels

Reduced fitness in F2 hybrids compared to F1 hybrids, often attributed to genetic incompatibilities between nuclear genes

Distance range that maximizes pollen fertilization success and offspring survival

Population growth rate (λ) integrating all vital rate components equivalent to average fitness component across a lineage or population

Selection pressures that oppose each other within or between levels of biological organization

Non-random mating where individuals preferentially mate with similar individuals

Pollination behavior where bumblebees make vibrations that knock pollen out of plant anthers, fertilizing the plant and allowing quicker seed and fruit production

Study of how cognitive mechanisms govern decision-making by floral visitors and shape pollination and plant fitness

Crosses between two species where each species serves as both maternal and paternal parent, allowing study of cytoplasmic inheritance effects

Research practices that allow independent researchers to reproduce results using the same methods and data