Concepts

Effects of non-native species on native community members and ecosystem processes

The process by which the structure of biological communities evolves over time, here applied to beaver pond aging and invertebrate community development.

Alpine plants growing in clumps with multiple species interacting in close proximity, affecting microhabitats and species interactions

Movement of seeds away from parent plants through various mechanisms including wind, animals, and gravity

Territorial behavior including alarm and warning calls to protect midden from squirrels and other mammals, with territories ranging from 0.5 to 1 hectares defended through vocalizations and chasing

Rapid, synchronous mortality of aspen across large areas characterized by gradual sudden aspen decline associated with recent drought and temperature stress

Introduction of natural enemies to reduce pest population density through environmentally friendly means

asexual reproduction via seeds

Temporal and spatial patterns of small mammal behavior and presence