Concepts

Mutually beneficial herbivore-predator associations where sap-feeding insects provide honeydew food for ants in exchange for protection against predators

The influence of surrounding plant species composition and density on individual plant fitness and associated herbivore behavior

Positive species interactions such as nurse plant effects by cushion-forming species that increase reproductive success for neighboring plants

Parental behaviors including female-pup interactions, vigilance, and antipredator behaviors that influence offspring survival and development

The network of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem

Differences between males and females in morphology, physiology, and/or behaviour resulting from differences in strength and shape of selection acting on each sex

Communication through chemical signals that mediate various aspects of social activities in insects, especially regulation of reproduction

Division of labor in social insects with distinct morphological and behavioral castes including queens, workers, and males

The species assemblage and relative abundances of aquatic invertebrates in a habitat, used as indicators of ecosystem condition and habitat quality

Initial colonization phase when winged aphids establish new colonies on host plants

Analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to determine trophic position and dietary composition