This investigation focused on how mutualists and antagonists affect the flowers of different sexes within the same species. My study examined plant and insect interactions in Polemonium foliosissimum to better understand the selective pressures that influenced the evolution of gynodioecy in this pla

The fitness of the non-feeding adult caddisfly, Asynarchus nigriculus is largely dependent on the accumulation of nutrients during its larval stage. The energy obtained during this time is then allocated into growth and development for the adult insect. This allocation of energy may be constrained b

Host plant genotypes often interact with the genotypes of pathogenic bacteria in order to affect the susceptibility phenotype with regards to herbivory. Often specialist herbivores illicit host plant production of jasmonic acid while biotrophic pathhogens induce a response of Salicylic acid, both of

Plant-pollinator interactions play a vital role in the functioning and stability of our ecosystems. Without pollination, angiosperms would not be able to set seed and reproduce, and most organisms would lose their primary source of nutrients and resources. Owing to the fact that pollination services