The Red naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) is considered a double keystone species. The first method is by creating nesting cavities that other species are unable to replicate, so when the cavities are abandoned, that community of species is able to utilize the space for their own reproductive s

Plant-pollinator interactions rely on the exchange of nectar and pollen for pollination services. Nectar traits can be influenced by changes in abiotic factors such as water availability, and such variation may in turn influence interactions with pollinators. This experiment investigated how the nec