Optimal foraging theory states that there are benefits and costs from foraging. If the animal shows optimal foraging behavior, the benefits minus the costs from foraging should be maximized. One assumption of optimal foraging theory is that animals can recognize food, which for butterflies means det

The conservation of keystone species and their associates is of great importance due to the disproportionately large role they play in community and ecosystem structure. The Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) is considered part of an intricate keystone species complex in the aspen forests of

Plant-pollinator communities contribute to global diversity and are a good indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Climate change is causing phenological changes of flowering plants and pollinators. Changes in plant phenology can lead to a pollinator not being able to find sufficient pollen and nec

Concerns of the decline of pollinators and their services have recently been raised. While several hypothesis have been studied, such has the shift of flowering phenology so it no longer overlaps with pollinators and habitat fragmentation, this study investigated the decline of the nectar robbing bu

The Mesaverde Group in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado is a continuous tight gas accumulation that has established itself as one of the more prolific producers of natural gas in the Rocky Mountain Region.In the Piceance Basin, the most significant producing intervals within the Mesaverde

The influence of predators on drift and benthic density is important for understanding prey community structure in freshwater streams. Drift activity of stream invertebrates in fishless streams does not differ between day and night, but when visual drift-feeding trout are present, stream invertebrat

In the United States, the 6.2 million kilometers of paved and unpaved public roads and roadsides represent about nineteen percent of the total land area of over nine million Km2 These roadways have major ecological impacts, one of which is dust pollution. When it comes to the effect of dust on plant

Reproductive success in passerines is dependent upon the fitness of the parents. Knowledge of how life history traits affect fitness is required to understand fitness and nest cycle relations. There was no significance between body mass and wing length and morning off bout frequency found. Blood par

Bees feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen from flowers. However, little is known about how food availability limits bee populations. To gain insights into the potential for food limitation within subalpine bumble bee populations, I examined bee foraging distances and the relationship between