In the United States, the 6.2 million kilometers of paved and unpaved public roads and roadsides represent about nineteen percent of the total land area of over nine million Km2 These roadways have major ecological impacts, one of which is dust pollution. When it comes to the effect of dust on plant

Reproductive success in passerines is dependent upon the fitness of the parents. Knowledge of how life history traits affect fitness is required to understand fitness and nest cycle relations. There was no significance between body mass and wing length and morning off bout frequency found. Blood par

Bees feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen from flowers. However, little is known about how food availability limits bee populations. To gain insights into the potential for food limitation within subalpine bumble bee populations, I examined bee foraging distances and the relationship between

Several prey species have demonstrated a response to predator odors by altering their behavior, but few studies have explored the abilities of prey to discriminate between predator odors or to recognize novel predators. The olfactory abilities of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) were st

Productive habitats can provide subsidies to neighboring habitats in the form of resources and services; however, little is known about whether subsidies operate in pollination systems. I studied wetland and dry meadow habitats in a subalpine system to assess whether wetlands provide neighboring pol

Beavers are an important aspect of the landscape and have been increasing in abundance in montane regions of the western U.S. While beaver impoundments have been shown to affect downstream habitats, their influence is variable and may be attributed in part to variation in the morphology of impoundme

Chapter I. Cause of the combination of the three tribes against the Whites / as told by W.S. Coburn -- Chapter II. Watson S. Coburn -- Chapter III. My first trip across the Plains / by W.S. Coburn -- Chapter IV. Raid up the Platte / as told by W.S. Coburn -- Chapter V. Massacre of the Hungate family

Time budgets of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) were created observing two different localities within the Rocky Mountains of Colorado at different elevations (Cement Creek, 2641m and North Picnic, 2900m). Six behaviors (foraging, sitting/lying, locomotion (moving from place to plac

The Arizona Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosa) is a keystone species in the Rocky Mountains. Depending on how well they grow as larvae, these salamanders can either metamorphose to have terrestrial traits at maturity or retain their juvenile aquatic traits as adults. We expect that pond

Many species of mammals have been shown to modify their behavior in response to olfactory cues of predator presence, but few studies have attempted to directly compare responses to different predators. In this study, we assessed the response of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to the ur

Changes in nitrogen availability can alter plant community structure, composition, and abundance as well as higher order interactions. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationships between soil nitrogen, plant reproductive success, and solitary bee behavior and reproduction. Three diffe

The natural world is inherently complex, and the application of theories that reduce complexity may reveal general biological patterns that are otherwise obscured. The theoretical framework of ecological stoichiometry provides a lens through which to broaden understanding of complex ecological dynam