Climate change in Colorado has already increased temperatures by 2 ℉ and is predicted to continue to rise. Precipitation during winter months is predicted to increase, while projected precipitation for the spring, summer and fall is still uncertain. It is important to understand how saxicolous liche

Climate warming affects the phenology, abundance and distributions of plants and pollinators. Despite this, there is still limited knowledge on how temperature affects plant- pollinator mutualisms. The ongoing project with Dr. Rebecca E. Irwin in collaboration with David Inouye has been gathering da

Associatively learning is commonly observed throughout the natural world in many interactions between species and their environment. We know ants utilize environmental cues in their foraging patterns to locate and recruit to food, but little is known about their ability to associatively learn to for

The Global list of endangered species of flora and fauna is growing, with the most highly specialized species often at ‘critically endangered’ status. Managing these populations effectively involves numerous and varied organizations, conflicting motivations, arbitrary anthropogenic boundaries and of

Innovation is widespread in animals and may help them modify their behavior to changes in the environment. A common method to determine whether a species possesses innovative abilities is to present them with a novel foraging problem and then to explain the traits that may predict success. Individua

The Colorado mountains include a mineral belt containing molybdenum, which is only slightly more common than gold. The Henderson Mine, which was built in the mid-1960s, was the largest private sector capital investment ever made in the State of Colorado. The Mount Emmons Mine, which will cost one bi

Reproductive timing is an important determinant of offspring success which ultimately contributes to an individual’s overall fitness. In seasonal environments with short growing seasons, organisms must time reproductive activity so that offspring experience relatively high levels of resource abundan

Hidden River Cave is a stream cave system found in Horse Cave, KY with continuous water flow of its two branches, Wheet River and East River. The infrastructure of the city of Hose Cave, KY was originally designed to utilize natural sinkholes for drainage of all wastewaters. The city uses many of th

This thesis explores preservation issues regarding modernist architecture in Chicago. As urban and public history research, the project examines the new questions brought to the forefront by recent controversies over the preservation of modernist architecture. Modernism, and an "all concrete" varian

In 1846, the United States of America began a war with the Republic of Mexico. When it was over, one of the results was the acquisition of much of current California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, southern Colorado and New Mexico. The region was occupied by Catholic Mexicans, a fact not lost on the America

A later culture knowa as Che Ozark To;}-Layer Culture (Illinois River area) possessed the bow ond crrov;» a variety of hotiQ and etone iciplemsnts, end v?sre makers of crude pottery.Anothsr culture flourished about 1200 A.D. In the Arkansas River Valley (Bradens Bottoms) in northeastern Le Flore cou

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Sexually selected traits are often plastic and can thus provide information on infection status and parasite load. Mounting an immune response has been shown to require the diversion of energy and resources away from other life history functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that bird song may

According to trade-off theory, animals weigh the benefits of obtaining resources against the risks of being preyed upon during these activities. One major factor that can influence an animal’s risk assessment is its current body condition, for example animals that are of lower body condition may be