Much of global biodiversity is comprised of parasitic organisisms. It is well recognized that the selective pressures imposed by parasites shape host defenses and life-history strategies. Many studies suggest that human changes to the environment facilitate pathogen emergence by disrupting establish

Bees feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen from flowers. However, little is known about how food availability limits bee populations. To gain insights into the potential for food limitation within subalpine bumble bee populations, I examined bee foraging distances and the relationship between

Climate change is altering both above-ground plant communities and below-ground microbial assemblages, yet their simultaneous responses to altered climate remain poorly understood. To address this, we conducted a whole-community transplant experiment across a 400-meter elevation gradient in the Colo

Phenology, or the timing of biological events, is critical for the development, reproduction, and

Animal pollination represents one of the key innovations of the flowering plants, and constitutes

Adaptation has been used as the framework to understand the power of

Invasive plants reduce native plant diversity both directly through competition and