Antipredatory response of mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>) to predator urines
Abstract
Auditory, visual, and olfactory cues of predator presence create a landscape of fear for prey animals. Prey can respond to predation risk perceived from these cues by increasing vigilance, increasing group size, altering habitat use, and reducing activity times. State of the animal and predator type may influence the antipredatory response(s) an animal adopts. I presented mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with control, coyote, and mountain lion urine cues in their foraging meadows. Deer responded to predator urine cues to reduce predation risk by increasing vigilance frequency and changing their distance to the edge of the forest based on the different predators represented. State of the animal influenced the responses to predator urine cues. This study demonstrates that Odocoileus hemionus use predator urine cues as an indication of predation risk in the landscape of fear they live in.
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