Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds
Abstract
ABSTRACT Territorial behavior of Broad-tailed (Selasphorous platycercus) and Rufous (Selasphorous rufus) hummingbirds in Colorado was measured at sites with feeders containing10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose solutions, respectively. The presence or absence of territory holders, number of intruders, and intensity of defense were measured at the three levels of energy availability. Migrating Rufous Hummingbirds displaced Broad-tailed Hummingbirds from territories they had defended during the breeding season; Broad-tailed Hummingbirds then defended only lower quality sites. Both Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds employed more energetically expensive behaviors when defending high quality sites, with longer chases more often supplemented with chip calls and hovering. Other investigators have suggested that chip calls and hovering are precursors to a chase. However, I found that chasing was the default response to the presence of an intruder. Chip calls and hovering were added to intensify a chase. In the few cases where chip calls were uttered or hovering occurred without a chase, Rufous Hummingbirds were more likely to exhibit this behavior than Broad-tailed Hummingbirds. La conducta territorial de los zumbadores Selasphorous platycercus y S. rufus fue medida en dos localidades de Colorado, en donde se les proveyó a las aves con libadores artificiales que contenían concentraciones de 10%, 20% y 30% de azúcar. La presencia o ausencia de individuos que establecieron un territorio, número de intrusos y la defensa del territorio fue medido en los tres niveles de disponibilidad de fuentes de energía. Individuos migratorios de S. rufus desplazaron a individuos de la segunda especie que habían defendido dichos territorios durante la época de reproducción. S. platycercus se dedicó a defender lugares de poca calidad. Ambas especies de zumbadores emplearon conducta más agresiva y de mayor gasto energético, como persecuciones más prolongadas y uso de sonidos, cuando defendieron lugares con alta calidad. Algunos estudios han encontrado que previo a una persecución, los zumbadores producen sonidos con sus alas y otros vocales. Sin embargo, encontré que la persecución era la respuesta inmediata a la presencia de un intruso. Los sonidos eran añadidos como medio de intensificación de la persecución. En la minoría de los casos en donde los sonidos se produjeron sin que hubiera una persecución, se encontró que S. rufus fue más propenso a utilizar esta conducta que S. platycercus.
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