Direct and indirect effects of frost on growth and plant-pollinator interactions in Delphinium nuttallianum.
Abstract
Global climate change-driven changes in phenology affect populations of alpine meadow wildflowers and their pollinators through direct and indirect effects. Earlier snowmelt in montane regions, caused by a warming climate, results in earlier blooming date and longer blooming period of wildflowers such as D. nuttallianum, an early-blooming larkspur that flowers shortly after snowmelt. In addition to temporal mismatch of plant-pollinator pairs, this change in phenology can also result in frost damage to wildflower reproductive tissues such as buds and flowers. To test the direct and indirect effects of frost on D. nuttallianum, a two-way factorial experiment was employed. Plants were exposed to a simulated frost event in one treatment and hand-pollinated to control for pollen limitation in another. This study shows a direct negative effect of frost treatment on D. nuttallianum spur length, as well as a delay in peak bloom time and no significant correlation between frost and growth of other tissues, pollinator interactions, or reproductive success.
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References (13)
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