Concepts

Light absorption and reflection properties of tissues that vary with chemical composition and structure

The degree to which values at nearby locations are correlated, used to assess spatial clustering in disease patterns

A method to test for phylogenetic signal by comparing empirical data variance to variance from randomly reshuffled species identities across trait data sets

Non-invasive wildlife monitoring technique using motion-triggered cameras to detect and photograph animals

High fidelity remote sensing data collection using hyperspectral sensors to capture contiguous spectral bands for vegetation and surface characterization

The rate of energy expenditure for basic physiological maintenance processes, measured as CO₂ emission rate.

Use of infrared technology to measure surface temperatures of objects

Method to determine the spatial origin of sound sources using arrays of microphones and signal processing techniques

The percentage of ground area covered by a particular plant species when viewed from above

Soil electrical conductivity measured via electrical resistivity tomography to estimate soil moisture and subsurface properties

Geophysical method using electromagnetic waves to measure subsurface properties including snow density through travel-time analysis

Color-based visual contrast as perceived by animal visual systems

Statistical method to compare species richness across samples by generating accumulation curves based on individual encounters

The proportion of cells undergoing division within a population

Radar systems that transmit and receive both horizontal and vertical polarizations to characterize particle shape, orientation, and microphysical properties

Analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to determine trophic position and dietary composition

Dating technique that determines cooling histories of rocks using temperature-sensitive radiometric systems

Experimental design where subjects choose between two alternative options to assess preferences

Method for quantifying the proportion of overall variance explained by different factors or pathways using R² calculations

Use of passive integrated transponder tags for remote detection and tracking of individual animals without need for recapture

Measure of how noisy or random a sound is, with pure tones having entropy values approaching negative infinity

A method using living organisms to determine what chemicals or nutrients are present in soil by measuring growth responses

Statistical technique used to classify observations into predefined groups based on multiple variables

Methodology for measuring turbulent fluxes using high-frequency measurements of vertical wind velocity and scalar concentrations

Analytical technique combining gas chromatography separation with mass spectrometry identification for analyzing volatile compounds

Preserved plant specimens that are picked in the field, pressed flat, dried and attached to archival-grade paper with relevant information recorded, then stored in climate-controlled cabinets

Distributed network of environmental sensors measuring diverse phenomena across watershed for understanding and predicting watershed behavior

Quantitative measure of acoustic similarity between sounds, ranging from 0 to 1.0 with higher correlations indicating more similar sounds

A metric that compares observed values to null model expectations, calculated as (observed - expected) / standard deviation of null distribution