Concepts

Variation in soil moisture conditions creating distinct dry and wet meadow habitat types

Areas of transition between adjacent, distinct ecosystems with unique species assemblages at the fringes of mature stands

Pattern of fire occurrence including frequency, intensity, and timing that shapes ecosystem dynamics

Geometric ground formations created by freeze-thaw processes in alpine environments

The biogeographic transition zone between subalpine forest and alpine tundra, representing the elevational limit of individual trees with an upright growth form

Physical structure and arrangement of beaver ponds, specifically comparing single isolated ponds versus terraced series of connected ponds

Linear scratches and grooves carved into bedrock by glacial ice movement

Floodplain regions that follow the meandering pattern of rivers and serve as scaling motifs for ecosystem modeling

Last defensive line of German military occupation in the northern Emilia-Romagna Apennine Mountains built by forced Italian mountain inhabitants

A spatial pattern of rapid exhumation concentrated in a central zone with decreasing rates toward the periphery

Natural waterfall barriers that create transitions between fishless upstream reaches and fish-containing downstream reaches

Battle-zone landscapes that are always in motion and in a process of becoming, where civilian and military landscapes merge and multi-vocal overlapping accounts are produced

Rocks that protrude from water surface providing dry access points for aquatic insects

Management practice of preventing or extinguishing wildfires that began in the Rocky Mountains in the late 1880s

Stunted, mat-like growth form of trees at treeline characterized by prostrate branches due to harsh environmental conditions

Topographic variation on the order of submeters to several meters which can be characterized mainly through airborne light detection and ranging data

An ancient valley system that may have influenced past patterns of erosion and exhumation

Changes in the geographical distribution of pathogens in response to environmental pressures, host movement, or climate change

Boundary zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where material exchange occurs

The distance beyond which the positive effects of habitat features on species richness and abundance become negligible

The difference in elevation between high and low points in a landscape

Multi-scalar or hierarchical entities where environmental conditions act as site-dependent filters of varying degree to create a present landscape

Areas where expanding development meets undeveloped wildland that may increase wildlife-vehicle collisions