Concepts

Behavioral, physiological, and life-history changes that reduce the risk of predation but have associated energetic or fitness costs to prey individuals and populations

Chemical cues released by predators that benefit prey by providing information about predator presence

Quantitative collection methods for invertebrates living on or in stream bottom substrates

Co-occurrence patterns between species that reflect ecological interactions beyond shared environmental responses

Species-specific selection for particular combinations of physical habitat characteristics like water depth, current velocity, and substrate size

Daily behavioral pattern where aquatic organisms move vertically in the water column, typically showing different activity levels during day versus night periods

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera orders used as indicators of aquatic ecosystem health

The sequential development of microbial communities on substrates following disturbance

Algae growing attached to surfaces such as decomposing plant material

The rate at which predators consume prey, measured as prey mortality per predator per unit time

Habitat structure that provides protection from predation by offering shelter or hiding places